WORKING & SPORTING DOGS

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF EFFORT
There is a large number of working & sporting
dogs activities

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 What influences the most dogs needs? Size?
Breed? Effort?

SIZE ?

MEDIUM dog pulling a sled

MEDIUM dog doing AGILITY EFFORT !

BREED ?

LABRADOR doing AGILITY LABRADOR searching for drugs

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4 Different types of efforts for working &
sporting dogs

SECONDES / HALF DAYS OR DAYS CONSECUTIVE

HOURS
MINUTES DAYS

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4 Different types of efforts for working &
sporting dogs

SECONDES
SHORT & / LONG & SUSTAINED HALF
VERY
DAYS
LONG
OR DAYS
& EXTREMELY
CONSECUTIVE
LONG &
HOURS
MINUTES
INTENSE SUSTAINED SUSTAINED
DAYS

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ANIMAL NEEDS
& NUTRITIONAL
ANSWERS
ANIMAL KNOWLEDGE

Bioenergetics for everyone

Factors & indicators of fitness

Biological alterations caused by exercise

 The canine athlete’s needs
ANIMAL KNOWLEDGE

Bioenergetics for everyone

Factors & indicators of fitness

Biological alterations caused by exercise

 The canine athlete’s needs
 NUTRIENTS

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ENERGY SUPPLY - PROTEIN

ENERGY
AMINOACID Tissue development
S Hormone production
Immunity
Enzymes
Palatability

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ENERGY SUPPLY – LIPIDS/ FATS

ENERGY
FATTY Cell membrane
ACIDS Liposoluble vitamins
transport
Hormones
Palatability

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ENERGY SUPPLY CARBOHIDRATES (CARBS) - STARCH

GLUCOSE,
ENERGY
etc.
Texture

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 1g
PROTEI 4 CAL
N

1g
9 CAL
FAT

1g
CARBS 4 CAL

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 BIOENERGETICS
ENERGY = THE 1ST CRITERION OF CHOICE FOR OUR RANGE

Bioenergy: the biology of ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS and

ENERGY EXCHANGES within the organism and between an
individual and its environment
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 ATP, THE ENERGY MOLECULE IN
THE ORGANISM

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the fuel for all Basic needs:

biological functions
ATP Metabolic chemical reactions
Synthesis of enzymes and hormones
Transport of molecules accross biologic
membranes
Cell division
Respiration
Blood circulation
Digestion
Thermoregulation
…
Physical activity
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 ENERGY METABOLISM

ATP can be obtained from different substrates and through different metabolic pathways

glucose
ATP phosphagen
stores pathway
amino-acids
ENERGY glucose
glycolysis ATP
ATP
lactic lactate

DIET amino-acids fermentation

pyruvate
ATP
BODY STORES ATP ATP
Muscle & liver glycogen ATP
Adipose & intramuscular fat acetylcoA
ATP
beta-
mitochondrial
Krebs cycle oxidation
respiratory chain
fatty acids
fatty acids

anaerobic pathway
(without O2)

aerobic pathway
(with O2)
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 ENERGY METABOLISM

The different metabolic pathways have different schedules

glucose
s n
ore age phosphagen
t h ATP
P s sp pathway
AT pho way mitochondrial
stores
th
pa glycolysis respiration amino-acids
glucose
% of energy source

glycolysis ATP
ATP
lactic lactate
amino-acids fermentation
pyruvate
ATP
ATP ATP
ATP
acetylcoA
few few sec few min hours ATP
msec duration of exercise beta-
mitochondrial
Krebs cycle oxidation
respiratory chain
fatty acids
fatty acids

anaerobic pathway
(without O2)

aerobic pathway
(with O2)
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 ENERGY METABOLISM

Pathway Power/capacity
Phosphagen system Extremely fast onset/availability of energy
Extremely short in duration SPRINT with a large
Glycolysis Fast onset/availability EXERCISE TYPE “palette” for each
Quite short in duration and in between
Aerobic system Longer to start ENDURANCE
(mitochondrial Can provide energy for hours EXERCISE TYPE
respiration)

 Different metabolic pathways: different fuels, different

uses

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 ENERGY METABOLISM
Pathway Power/capacity Fuels used
Phosphagen system Extremely fast onset/availability of muscle creatinine phosphate
energy
Extremely short in duration
Glycolysis Fast onset/availability CARB: Same fuel (carb) for all
Quite short in duration blood glucose species
muscle & liver glycogen
Aerobic system Longer to start CARB and/or FAT:
(mitochondrial Can provide energy for hours blood glucose & fatty acids Preferred substrate (carb vs fat)
respiration) (days if refueled) muscle & liver glycogen and aerobic fitness depend on
adipose & intramuscular fat each species adaptation

 Different metabolic
pathways: different fuels,
different uses

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EXAMPLE OF 3 ELITE ATHLETE
SPECIES
“SPRINT” / ANAEROBIC EFFORT
Dogs can sprint up to 60km/h
100m in 9sec58 (37.6km/h) 2400m in 2’24’’49 (60km/h)

Iditarod race: 1600km run at 15-16km/h

42.195km in 2h2min57s (20.6km/h) 161.5km in 9h5min (17.8km/h)

“ENDURANCE” / AEROBIC EFFORT

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FAT VS CARB USE IN AEROBIC
EFFORT

Longer effort requires more

energy, and FATS provide more
energy than carb

“FAT ADAPTATION” was found

to improve aerobic performance
in dogs (and horses), and to spare
glycogen utilization and reduce
lactate accumulation (Kronfeld
1994)

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ANIMAL KNOWLEDGE

Bioenergetics for everyone

Factors & indicators of fitness

Biological alterations caused by exercise

 The canine athlete’s needs
4 Different types of efforts for working & sporting dogs

SECONDES
SHORT & / LONG & SUSTAINED HALF DAYS
VERY OR DAYS
LONG & CONSECUTIVE
EXTREMELY LONG &
HOURS
MINUTES
INTENSE SUSTAINED DAYS
SUSTAINED

Sprint type Endurance type

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 AEROBIC CAPACITY & VO2MAX

VO2max = maximal volume of oxygen

(/maximal oxygen consumption)
Relevant parameter for AEROBIC
PERFORMANCE & ENDURANCE
CAPACITY during PROLONGED
EXERCISE
Reflects CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS
of an individual
VO2max is reached when the athlete reaches
Corresponds to the maximal volume an individual can MAS (Maximal Aerobic Speed)
UPTAKE (in lung), TRANSPORT (in cardio-vascular
system) and USE (in muscle) during incremental
exercise  (exercise of increasing intensity)

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VO2MAX - MEASUREMENT

Direct measure with mask and gaz machine

while exercising on treadmill
Indirect measure through standardized
exercises & equations

oxygen consumption (mL/kg/min)

incrementing intensity of exercise
eg: increasing speed

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AEROBIC CAPACITY & THE
SPECIES

VO2max scales with BODY MASS

(Weibel 2004)

In same size class, VO2max of athletic species linked

to
- LARGER MITOCHONDRIAL and
- CAPILLARY VOLUMES
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INTENSE ENDURANCE TRAINING IMPROVES
AEROBIC PERFORMANCE

MITOCHONDRIAL REMODELING? (shown in humans & horse)

 nb & size of mitochondries in skeletal muscle
 aerobic enzyme activity within the mitochondria

“Athlete heart”: ECG changes reflecting  CARDIAC

MUSCLE (Constable 2000)

 AEROBIC PERFORMANCE (VO2max, MAS),

 metabolic acidosis (lactate) (Bänse 2007)

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INTENSE ENDURANCE TRAINING IMPROVES
AEROBIC PERFORMANCE

* significant difference vs untrained

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 Take-home messages
• Glycolysis (metabolism of short & intense
efforts) relies on carb
• Aerobic metabolism in long & sustained
efforts relies on carb and/or fat, depending
on species adaptation (fat being more
efficient)
• DOG HAS AN EXTRAORDINARY
AEROBIC PERFORMANCE
ANIMAL KNOWLEDGE

Bioenergetics for everyone

Factors & indicators of fitness

Biological alterations caused by exercise

 The canine athlete’s needs
The canine athlete’s sensitivities

OXIDATIVE STRESS

ENERGY INFLAMMATION

DIGESTION

MUSCLES

JOINTS

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The canine athlete’s sensitivities

OXIDATIVE STRESS

ENERGY INFLAMMATION

DIGESTION

MUSCLES

JOINTS

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 INCREASED ENERGY NEEDS – Type of
effort
Type of surface
(smooth vs rough)

Distance Duration

Factors influencing
energy requirements

Wind resistance Burst of

acceleration

Load pulled

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INCREASED ENERGY NEEDS – Other
factors

Activity

Intrinsic External factors

factors

Breed Temperature

Size Humidity

Age Ground

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DEPLETION OF MUSCLE
STORES

Prolonged exercise decreases

muscle stores of glycogen &
triglycerides (Mc Kenzie 2008)

Muscle glycogen depletion is

linked with muscle fatigue

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The canine athlete’s sensitivities

OXIDATIVE STRESS

ENERGY INFLAMMATION

DIGESTION

MUSCLES

JOINTS

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OXIDATIVE DAMAGE
Due to increased oxidative stress…

Long and sustained activity induces FREE RADICAL PRODUCTION, lipid peroxidation and cell injury
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… & decreased antioxidant capacity

Day 0 Day 1 Day 2

Long and sustained activity DECREASES ANTIOXYDANT CAPACITY (Hinchcliff 2000)

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ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY
HAS AN IMPACT ON PERFORMANCE

HIGHER ANTIOXIDANT status improves the CHANCE TO FINISH A VERY LONG DISTANCE RACE (Piercy 2001)
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The canine athlete’s sensitivities

OXIDATIVE STRESS

ENERGY INFLAMMATION

DIGESTION

MUSCLES

JOINTS

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 INCREASED INFLAMMATORY
MARKERS

Agility exercise leads to the production of inflammatory mediators

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Study in 156 dogs participating in an Agility trial (Baltzer 2012)
INCREASED INFLAMMATORY
MARKERS

Sled dog racing leads to the production of inflammatory mediators

Study on 25 sled dogs from 3 teams participating in a race of 557 km (Wakshlag 2010)
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Inflammatory status correlates with finishing status

The canine athlete’s sensitivities

OXIDATIVE STRESS

ENERGY INFLAMMATION

DIGESTION

MUSCLES

JOINTS

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MUSCULO-SKELETAL DISORDERS

Agility exercise increases the risk of musculo-skeletal injury

(Cullen 2013)
Surveys from 1,669 handlers of 3,801 agility dogs
Handler-reported rate of injury: 32% dogs had ≥1 injury

Type of injury Region of the body

affected
other shoulder
strain (muscle or
other
tendon injury)
contusion

sprain back
(ligament injury)
phalanges
neck

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MUSCULO-SKELETAL
DISORDERS

Orthopedic injuries are common in

police dogs
- 25.4% of emergency visits in police dogs
vs
- 12.3% in a pet dog population (Parr 2013)

Myopathy (rhabdomyolysis) is a
main cause for sled dogs to not
finish a very long race (Piercy 2001,
Dennis 2008)

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The canine athlete’s sensitivities

OXIDATIVE STRESS

ENERGY INFLAMMATION

DIGESTION

MUSCLES

JOINTS

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GI DISORDERS
Pathogeny not clearly elucidated

Police dogs
- common gastro-intestinal disorders : vomiting,
diarrhea, gastric dilatation and volvulus (Parr 2013)

Racing sled dogs

- Gastric ulceration / gastritis is frequent in
observed in 61% of finishers, vs 0% before race
(Royer 2004 & Davis 2005)
- Diarrhea is frequent in racing sled dogs (Mc
Kenzie 2010) Diarrhea in 36% of dogs during a
400 miles race
- Blood in feces (hematochezia) in 57.5% of
dogs
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48
 Take-home messages
• Glycolysis (metabolism of short & intense
efforts) relies on carb
• Aerobic metabolism in long & sustained
efforts relies on carb and/or fat, depending
on species adaptation (fat being more
efficient)
• DOG HAS AN EXTRAORDINARY
AEROBIC PERFORMANCE
Take-home messages
Working & sporting dogs have higher
energy needs

Exercise depletes muscle energy stores

Exercise induces oxidative damage in

the organism, which puts at risk of injury

Working & sporting dog have increased

risk of locomotor & digestive issues
 NUTRITIONAL ANSWERS
FOR THE CANINE ATHLETE

Formulation logics
for our complete diets

Practical tips:
how and when to use our products
 NUTRITIONAL ANSWERS
FOR THE CANINE ATHLETE

Formulation logics
for our complete diets

Practical tips:
how and when to use our products
A NUTRITIONAL ANSWER FOR EACH TYPE OF
EFFORT

Very Long & Extremely Long &

Long & Sustained
Short & Intense Sustained Sustained
AGILITY ENERGY
TRAIL ENERGY4800
ENDURANCE MARATHON
4100 4300
4300 4800 5000

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Desired benefits for the canine athlete

OXIDATIVE STRESS

ENERGY INFLAMMATION

DIGESTION

MUSCLES

JOINTS

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Desired benefits for the canine athlete

OXIDATIVE STRESS

PROVIDE ADAPTED INFLAMMATION

ENERGY
DIGESTION

FOR OPTIMAL
MUSCLE SUPPLY

JOINTS

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ENERGY LEVEL ADAPTED TO EACH
EFFORT

Energy Energy Energy

4100 4300 4800

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DIFFERENT FUELS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF EFFORT

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FAT FOR OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE
In long & sustained (aerobic) effort in dog

Attenuated depletion of muscle glycogen Delayed exhaustion in dogs exercised on treadmill

stores along prolonged exercise in sled dog with HIGH FAT DIET (Downney 1980 in NRC book)
fed typical HIGH FAT DIET (Mc Kenzie 2008)

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ADAPTED BALANCE OF CARB & FATS

Energy Energy Energy

4100 4300 4800

Decreasing carbohydrate level and increasing fat level along our range to fit with sprint vs
endurance effort
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 OPTIMAL PROTEIN FOR MUSCLE
SUPPORT
& IMPROVED PERFORMANCE

An optimal protein level for sled dogs:

increases hemoglobin concentration
decreases soft tissu (muscles) injuries
Increases VO2max

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ADAPTED ENERGY AND PROTEIN
TO EFFORT

Nutrients Medium Adult Maxi Adult Energy 4300 Energy 4800

Protein (%) 25 26 28 32

Lipid (%) 14 17 21 30

L-carnitin (mg/kg) 0 0 160 200

3843 3978 4180 4670

Energy (kcal/kg)

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The canine athlete’s sensitivities

OXIDATIVE STRESS

ENERGY INFLAMMATION

DIGESTION

MUSCLES

JOINTS

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JOINT SUPPORT & INFLAMATION

Nutrients Medium Adult Maxi Adult Energy 4300 Energy 4800

Omega 3 0,60 0,77 0,95 1,22

EPA/DHA 0,31 0,40 0,40 0,45

Glucozamin
+chondroitin 0 500 1000 1000

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Desired benefits for the canine athlete

FIGHT OXIDATIVE STRESS

ENERGY INFLAMMATION

DIGESTION

MUSCLES

JOINTS

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ANTIOXIDANT “SPORT COCKTAIL”

21 sedentary and non-supplemented

= Control

19 exercised and non-supplemented

= group N

Vitamine E
62 sled dogs 22 exercised and supplemented
β caroten
= group S
Baskin 2000 Lutein

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ANTIOXIDANT “SPORT COCKTAIL”

An antioxidant “Sport cocktail” decreases oxydative damage in sled dogs (Baskin 2000)

8.5
8-oxodG (ng/ml)
8 Sedentary
7.5
Exercising nonsup-
7 plemented dogs
6.5
Exercising sup-
6 * plemented dogs
5.5
5
Before exercise Exercise (Day 1) Exercise (Day 3) 3 days after exercise

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ANTIOXIDANT “SPORT COCKTAIL”

Nutrients Medium Adult Maxi Adult Energy 4300 Energy 4800

Lutein (mg/kg) 0 0 14,50 15,50

β caroten (mg/kg) 0 0 2 2,30

Vitamin E (mg/kg) 500 500 650 700

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ADAPTED AOX ANSWER IN
OUR RANGE

CELT cocktail Sport cocktail

(Vitamine E, β caroten, Lutein)

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Desired benefits for the canine athlete

FIGHT OXIDATIVE STRESS

PROVIDE ADAPTED FIGHT

ENERGY INFLAMMATION
SUPPORT HEALTHY
DIGESTION

SUPPORT HEALTHY
MUSCLE SUPPLY
SUPPORT HEALTHY
JOINTS

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Take-home Our Sporting &
messages Working diets:
Have HIGH ENERGY DENSITY, the more sustained
effort, the higher
Have higher carb content when intended for sprint
type exercise, vs higher fat content when intended for
endurance type exercise, for optimal performance
Have ALL ADAPTED PROTEIN content to support
muscle function & performance
Contain ADAPTED ANTIOXIDANT COCKTAIL to
fight oxidative stress and subsequent injuries
Contain SPECIFIC NUTRIENTS TO SUPPORT
JOINT HEALTH & DIGESTIVE HEALTH
PRO “Working, Sporting & Service Dogs” range

ENERGY ENERGY
ENERGY 5000 /
MARATHON
4300 4800 MARATHON
5000

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Claims - Benefits

ENERGY
4100 L

ENERGY
4300

ENERGY
4800

“Each product contains

ENERGY 5000 /
ENERGY quantity and
MARATHON
quality targeted to the
effort.”
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TECHNICAL SHEETS
FOCUS ENERGY 4300

HIGH PRODUCT PERFORMANCE !

BODY CONDITION

MAINTAINED IN REAL
CONDITION

STOOL QUALITY

OPTIMAL DIGESTIVE
TOLERANCE

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TECHNICAL SHEETS
FOCUS ENERGY 4800

EXTREMELY LONG &

SUSTAINED EFFORTS

PROTECT THE CELL

MEMBRANE

HELP TO FIGHT AGAINST

FREE RADICALS

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 RECOMMENDATION

Daily intake

Working dogs
Rescue dogs
Army/ police dogs
Hunting dogs
Dogs living outside during winter time

We recommend adjustment of the amount

of food according to the dog’s
Body Condition
Acitivity level
BODY CONDITION HAS A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON
Temperature of the environement
THE DOG’S PERFORMANCE.

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TRAINING STARTS IN THE PUPPY STAGE

 Immunity support

 Digestive support

 High energy support for large

puppies to support intense
activity

Comparing to Maxi Puppy

4059 vs. 3801 Kcal
20% vs 16% lipide

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 Educ

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 EDUC, 1ST NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT.

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EDUC

Healthy
Efficient
Easy to use

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EDUC / HEALTHY

Low calorie
Digestible
Anti Oxidant

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EDUC / EFFICIENT
THIS PROJECT IS BASED
ON DOGS’ NUTRITIONAL
NEEDS

Puppy & Adult

Palatable
Quickly eaten
Different from daily
food

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EDUC / CONVENIENT

Clear rationing
advice
Easy to handle
Easy to carry
Pocket size

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EDUC IS HEALTHY

• vit C : 200 mg/kg,

• vit E : 500 mg/kg

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 = 2,5 kcalories

20 g = 33
Educ is low in
calories compared
20 g = 54
to other rewards

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EDUC IS MORE ADAPTED COMPARED TO
OTHER SUPPLEMENTS

5 month old
Dosage advice: 3/day Jack Russell
Puppy
 Dosage advice isn’t Realistic !

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 EDUC IS MORE ADAPTED
COMPARED TO OTHER INCENTIVES

Energy input 5 months old

(kcal/day) Jack Russell
Puppy

800

700
+ 14% + 17% + 15%
600

500

400 + 4%
300

200

100

Daily ration 20 g 1x 10 EDUC max advised/day

units
=2,5kcal
Hill’s
=8,5kcal
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EDUC HAS NO IMPACT ON
DIGESTIVE SAFETY
•Royal Canin kennel
•German Shepherd (7-8 months)
+ 50 units

Daily ration “A”

Daily ration “A”

Adaptation Stool collect Adaptation Stool collect

9 days 5 days 3 days 5 days
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EDUC HAS NO IMPACT ON
DIGESTIVE SAFETY
Healthy
Fecal score
4

3,5

2,5

1,5

1
A A + Educ

Confirmed with field trial: No negative impact on fecal score

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 EDUC IS HEALTHY,
EFFICIENT AND EASY
TO USE.
Field trial:

regular use of dog supplements

NO
YES
61
%
39
%

Palatability:

 100% are fully satisfied. COPYRIGHT MARS, INC. CONFIDENTIAL – INTERNAL USE ONLY. EUKANUBA IS A TRADEMARK OF
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91
EDUC IS PERFECTLY
SUITABLE FOR DOG
TRAININGS

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 THANK YOU

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Thank you!