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Body Fluid Compartments and Blood Volume

This document discusses body fluid compartments and blood volume. It describes the daily intake and output of water in the body and defines the main fluid compartments: intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, plasma, interstitial fluid, and transcellular fluid. It also discusses how fluid volumes change from neonates to children and adults. Measurement of fluid volumes can be done using the indicator dilution principle by injecting a dye or substance and measuring its dispersion.

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Nilay Patel
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77 views34 pages

Body Fluid Compartments and Blood Volume

This document discusses body fluid compartments and blood volume. It describes the daily intake and output of water in the body and defines the main fluid compartments: intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, plasma, interstitial fluid, and transcellular fluid. It also discusses how fluid volumes change from neonates to children and adults. Measurement of fluid volumes can be done using the indicator dilution principle by injecting a dye or substance and measuring its dispersion.

Uploaded by

Nilay Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Body fluid compartments and blood volume

• Daily intake and Output of water

• Body fluid compartments

• Constituents of ECF & ICF

• Measurements of fluid volumes in different


body fluid compartments
Daily intake and output of water

Intake
Ingested in the form of liquids or water in the food ~ 2100-
2400 ml/day
Oxidation of carbohydrates ~ 200 ml/day.
Total: 2300 -2700 ml/day

Loss
Insensible Water Loss
Fluid Loss in Sweat
Water Loss in Feces
Water Loss by the Kidneys
Body fluid compartments
Neonate:

Body weight: 3 kgs


Total body water: 80%~ 2.4 kgs, % ECF-45%, ICF-25%
Body fat %: 10.0%~ 300gms
Rest 10% (cartilage, muscles and other tissues) : 300gms

Infant (12 months):

Body weight: 8.5 kgs


Total body water: 61%~ 5.1kgs, % ECF-28%, ICF-33%
Body fat %: 25%~ 2.1 kgs
Rest 14% (cartilage, muscles and other tissues) : 1.3kgs

Decrease in ECF and ICF rises gradually.


There is considerable variation in TBW in children.
Neonates, infants, and children carry a significantly
higher percentage of TBW compared with adults due
to reduced fat content and increased muscle mass
proportion. (TBW percentage gradually decreases by
toddler age, along with simultaneous increase in
intracellular fluid volume secondary not only to
muscle growth, but also to decreasing rates of
collagen production.)
Infant’s and children’s higher body water content,
along with their higher metabolic rates and increased
body surface area to mass index, contribute to their
higher turnover of fluids and solute. Therefore, infants
and children require proportionally greater volumes
of water than adults to maintain their fluid
equilibrium and are more susceptible to volume
depletion.
After 12 months of age, there is slow and variable fall in ECF
to adult levels of about 20 % and a rise in ICF to adult levels of
about 40%.

Child (5 years):
Body weight: 15kgs
Total body water: 60%~ 9kgs
Body fat %: 20%~ 3kgs
Rest 20% (cartilage, muscles and other tissues): 3kgs

Body fat variation:


Increases from nenonate to infancy: 13%25%
Infancy to 10 yrs: decrease: 25%13%
10-14 yrs: increase: 13%20%
14-18 yrs: fall and then stable adult values:20%18%
TOTAL BODY WATER (60% b.wt)

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID(20%) INTRACELLULAR FLUID(40%)

INTERSTITIAL FLUID(12%) PLASMA(7%)

TRANSCELLULAR FLUID (1%)


This compartment TRANSCELLULAR FLUID (1%)
includes
Synovial
Peritoneal
Pericardial
Intraocular spaces
Cerebrospinal fluid
Specialized type of extracellular fluid.
In some cases, its composition may differ markedly
from that of the plasma or interstitial fluid.

All the transcellular fluids together constitute


about 1 to 2 liters.
The intracellular fluid constitutes about 40 % (28 of
the 42 liters of fluid ) of the total body weight in an
“average” person.

This is present inside the 75 trillion cells.


The intracellular fluid of all the different cells
together is considered to be one large fluid
compartment.

The concentrations of substances in ICF are similar


from one cell to another.

The composition of cell fluids is remarkably similar


even in different animals, ranging from the most
primitive microorganisms to humans.
The plasma is the non-cellular part of the blood; it
exchanges substances continuously with the
interstitial fluid through the pores of the capillary
membranes.

These pores are highly permeable to almost all


solutes in the extracellular fluid except the
proteins.
Therefore, the extracellular fluids are constantly
mixing, so that the plasma and interstitial fluids
have about the same composition except for
proteins, which have a higher concentration in the
plasma.
Blood contains both extracellular fluid (the fluid in
plasma) and intracellular fluid (the fluid in the red
blood cells). However, blood is considered to be a
separate fluid compartment because it is contained in
a chamber of its own, the circulatory system. The
blood volume is especially important in the control of
cardiovascular dynamics.
The average blood volume of adults is about 7 % of
body weight, or about 5 liters. About 60 % of the
blood is plasma and 40 % is red blood cells, but these
percentages can vary considerably in different people,
depending on gender, weight, and other factors.
Constituents of Intracellular and Extracellular
fluids
Measurement of Fluid Volumes in the Different
Body Fluid Compartments—

The Indicator Dilution Principle


A small amount of dye or other substance contained in the
syringe is injected into a chamber, and the substance is
allowed to disperse throughout the chamber until it
becomes mixed in equal concentrations in all areas. Then a
sample of fluid containing the dispersed substance is
removed and the concentration is analyzed chemically,
photoelectrically, or by other means.
If none of the substance leaks out of the compartment, the
total mass of substance in the compartment

(Volume B \ Concentration B) will equal the total mass of


the substance injected (Volume A \ Concentration A).

By simple rearrangement of the equation, one can


calculate the unknown volume of
chamber B as
Volume B = Volume A * Concentration A/
Concentration B
Applied Aspects

• Dehydration

• Oedema

• Dyselectrolytemia

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