CONVERGED TELECOMMUNICATIONS

POLICY and REGULATIONS (CTPR)

MASTER CLASS

Current International Challenges and

Trends in Regulation

By Ms. Gita Radhakrishna

- MMU -

http://ctpr.mmu.edu.my
Current & Future Trends in International Telecommunications
Regulations
TOPICS

 Telecommunications today

 Current Trends in Regulations

 Future Challenges
1. Telecommunications Today
A typical day in the Exponential growth of
Digital World
telecommunications:
legal, technical,
financial, and
commercial issues:
• acquisition,
management, use, and
disposition of
telecommunications
resources ensuring
quality service
• speed, usefulness,
service availability
• managing risks and
reducing costs.
Prof. Ian Brown, Regulation and the Internet of Things
<http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Conferences/GSR/Documents/GSR2015/Discussion_papers_and_Presentations/GSR_DiscussionPaper_IoT.pdf>
1.1 Current Trends in Telecommunications

Transnational character of the ICT market – expanding networks and services – anytime ,
anyone, anything, anywhere.

The use and ownership of multiple connected devices

Seamless interoperability of networks and services – voice, video and text, Cloud-based
applications eg. Dropbox, Skype etc. and synchronisation of applications overcome
challenges of real-time access to data across different devices.

The cloud is enabling new innovation across the economy, at all levels for everyone.
The Internet of Things - everything becomes a connected computing device - car, fridge, a
pair of glasses, wrist watch or a digital mirror.

Fixed Line
1. 2 International Frameworks
The extremely global nature of telecommunications has necessitated the formation
of certain global or regional organisations to offer guidance on best regulatory
practices, facilitating a degree of harmonisation in telecommunications
regulations internationally. Members voluntarily commit themselves to legally
binding obligations relating to the telecommunications sector. Egs.

1. ITU: International Telecommunications Union

2. WTO: The World Trade Organisation
3. BEREC: European Body of Telecoms Regulators
4. APT: Asia Pacific Telecommunity
5. CITEL: The Inter-American Telecommunication Commission, an entity of the
Organization of American States (OAS),
6. CAN: The Andean Community formed by Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru with
Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay as associate member states,
7. ECTEL: Eastern Caribbean Telecommunications Authority
8. CRASA & ARICEA: The Communications Regulators Association of Southern Africa
& The Association of Regulators of Information and Communication in Central and
Eastern Africa
9. ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the leading United Nations
agency for information and communication technology issues.
It’s mission is to:
• enable the growth and sustained development of telecommunications &
information networks; and
• to facilitate universal access to the emerging information society and global
economy.

It coordinates :
• The global use of radio spectrum,
• Promotes international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits,
• Works to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world
• and establishes worldwide standards.

The Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT) of the ITU studies global

issues in telecommunications and presents an annual report:
Trends in Telecommunication Reform.
2. Current Trends in Regulation
The core activities of telecommunications / ICT regulators :

 universal service & access,

 licensing,

 Spectrum distribution & regulation

 pricing

Regulation extending beyond traditional core activities -

 broadcasting and Internet content within the ICT sector

 Privacy and data Protection
 Consumer empowerment
 E-waste
 The Evolution of Telecommunication Policy and Regulation

Limited Regulation because government is

Public Monopoly the sole monopoly operator and the
regulator itself 1st. generation
Regulators
Increase in regulation because the private
T operator needs to know its rights and
R Private Monopoly obligations and the government needs a
regulatory framework to facilitate oversight
A over the monopoly operator
N Greater need for regulation as regulator
S must implement tools to foster and sustain 2nd. generation
Partial Competition a new competitive market (e.g. rules Regulators
I regarding potential anti-competitive
T practices, licensing frameworks, setting
I tariffs, universal service)

O Decrease in regulation as competitive

N Full Competition market largely regulates itself, representing 3rd. generation
a shift to ex-post regulation. However Regulators
market power also needs to be regulated if
competition is to be effective and
consumer interests protected
4th. generation
Monitor an increased range of services, delivered over multiple broadband
Regulators and converged networks of the digital ecosystem. Protect consumers from
inappropriate content, faulty billing and fraudulent online activities.
The Changing Telecommunication Environment
Regional National International
Regional
Directives Constitution Institutions e. g.
Commission
e. g. EU, AU UN, WTO, ITU
Regional
Policy National
Tech Government
no
devel logy Agreements
opme
nt ITU
National National
Policy Policy

Network Standards
Standards/
convergence Org
Recommen
Regulator dations

Converged
Internet ICANN
Services
Self/ Regulation
coregulation

ly
Supp
chain
Commercial
Consumer impact
companies
& response
behaviour
l ic
Pub ion
n
opi

Alan Horne, Fourth-Generation Regulation: A New Model Of Regulation For The Digital Ecosystem. ITU, Trends in
Telecommunications 2014. <https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/pref/D-PREF-TTR.15-2014-PDF-E.pdf>
3. Regulatory Challenges

Convergence Cloud & Big Data IOT

1. Convergence: the ability of different networks to carry similar kinds

of services (e.g., voice over Internet Protocol (IP) or over circuit switched
networks, video over cable television or Asynchronous Digital
Subscriber Line (ADSL) or, alternatively, the ability to provide a
range of services over a single network,

Markets - Changes to market boundaries :

Difficult to define and identify markets, degree of market power, as

well as areas and market players on whom ex ante regulation would be necessary.

- at retail level the specific network over which services are delivered becomes less
relevant, and the characteristics of the service bundle are more important.

- at the wholesale - greater variety of services provided over different networks. The
bundling of services at the retail level is not necessarily reflected at the wholesale level.
 Market and Services Structures in the Convergence Sector
Market definition in the ICT sector can
be difficult. Effective substitutes could
include services other than those
supplied by similar
telecommunications carriers or by non-
carriers eg:

• Voice and data services are now

available from conventional
wireline or wireless networks,
using either circuit-switched or
packet-switched technologies,

• Voice mail services are available

from telecommunications
networks, answering machines, or
manned answering services, and

• Some markets may be two-

sided which will have regulatory
implications for both pricing and
merger analysis.
<http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/toolkit/notes/PracticeNote/2604>
 Today’s broadband-centric environment :

New competition issues Rise of internet protocol

Computing and Communications, (IP) based networks
Voice and Data, wireless networks, separation of services from physical infrastructure –
Broadcasting and innovative applications, services and business models
Telecommunications, content and
networks - new players, greater
consolidation and integration, among
telecommunications service providers
– the rise of oligopoly Investment in new infrastructure
and services
and improve access to existing infrastructure. Improve
access to fixed network Internet resources
- to increase transnational connections to services and
New platform nature of markets reduce costs;
broadband operators serve as a bridge
between service providers and end- - traffic management in a fair and effective way that
users. The emergence of new balances the needs of consumers, network
distribution technologies—over-the top operators and content/service providers
(OTT) services .

speed of market change

regulatory responses
 Questions :
• How should these new business models be regulated?
• Can old models be applied or is a new approach needed? Ex ante v ex post regulation
• Does the regulatory framework facilitate the provision of different services over
different platforms (eg., technology neutrality)?
• Does the regulatory framework support full competition?

• Does the regulatory framework allow service providers to offer multiple services?

• What are the regulatory policies for these new technologies and services with regard to
numbering, spectrum, universal service, and interconnection?

• Does the country’s legal framework contain the necessary legislation to support an ICT
environment (eg., intellectual property laws, computer crime, electronic transactions,
data privacy and security)?

• How much turn-around time and process is required for the country's legal framework
to respond to future changes in the sector?
3.2 Regulatorory Responses
3 approaches:-
(i) a legislative approach
Creating new laws and / regulations to meet convergence. Could involve a reform of the
entire legal framework for telecommunications or by amendments to existing laws.

eg. Rep. of Korea overhauled its telecommunications legislation in

2008 enacting the Internet Multimedia Broadcasting Business
Act to accommodate convergence between telecommunications and
television. It also created a converged regulator, - the
Korea Communications Commission (KCC), with jurisdiction over
both television and telecommunications-related matters and the licensing requirements
and service obligations of IPTV This replaced the old Korean Broadcasting Commission
and the Ministry of Information and Communication (MIC) which oversaw the ICT
sector.

Some jurisdictions, such as the EU and Malaysia, undertake a continuous review of their
legislation relating to convergence.
(ii) a regulatory approach
Countries modify existing regulations or institute new regulations to address new
convergence technologies. A faster response time since quicker to introduce regulations
rather than new laws.
Eg. The United States, the Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) introduced regulatory modifications to allow new technologies,
such as power line communications (PLC), also referred to as
broadband over power lines.

Often countries adopt a mixed legislative and regulatory approach

to establish new legal frameworks to address convergence while dealing
with its specific effects through regulation.
Eg. The Government of Spain implemented the EU's 2002 NRF and modified its
interconnection regulation to allow broader interconnection than
traditional switching. However, to meet changing needs of operators’
with increased IP-based systems and services, the Comision del
Mercado de las Telecomunicaciones (CMT) implemented a subsequent
resolution introducing a capacity-based interconnection system that
would serve as an alternative to the traditional time-based system and the
access to parts of infrastructure and wholesale services.
(iii) a self-regulation approach
The self-regulation process consists of developing and designing convergence policy
through an ad hoc or existing consultative body. This body is normally composed of several
government agencies, industry representatives, and other interested parties. They issue
recommendations to the government addressing the specific need for changes in
convergence legislation and/or regulation.

Eg. In Australia the Communications Alliance was formed in 2006 from the
merger of the Australian Communications Industry Forum (ACIF) and
the Service Providers Association Inc (SPAN)). The Communications Alliance
implements and manages industry self-regulation in the interests of both
industry and consumers. However there is the risk that existing operators
may inhibit new entrants into the industry. Policy-makers need to manage these risks to
avoid regulating convergence according to certain special interests and against consumers
and the public welfare.

Some countries like Malaysia use a combination of all 3 approaches.

 Regulatory Design Options

multi-sector regulator
single-sector regulator Accommodate within the existing legal and
regulatory framework by offering multiple
Shift to a single integrated regulatory services over multiple platforms in fully
structure by merging the competitive markets, Only possible where there
telecommunications, broadcasting, are no barriers to market entry or restrictions on
and information technology sectors the type of service offering. However it is a
under a single regulator. Eg. cumbersome process requiring multiple licences
Malaysia, Singapore, and the United and regulatory oversight by different institutions.
Kingdom, Republic of Korea Alternatively establish cross-sectional regulators
with non sector or equipment specific regulations.
The US pioneered this model merging
technology-specific regulators across
converged regulator telecommunications, media, and broadcasting
services
Shift towards an equal or technology-neutral
regulatory treatment of different ICTs. Eg. European
Union (EU), India, and Kenya1 introduced, legal
frameworks and regulations to regulate aspects of no specific regulatory authority per se
convergence through a flexible and a technology
neutral approach. Some countries integrate but rather a general competition authority
infrastructure regulation and content regulation eg.
with responsibility for overseeing the
telecommunications sector.
the UK, Malaysia, Singapore and India.
 The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to an infrastructure where billions of sensors are
embedded in common, everyday devices – “things” which link to other objects or individuals
– designed to record, process, store and transfer data and, as they are associated with
unique identifiers, interact with other devices or systems using networking capabilities.

http://www.itu.int/en/ITUConferences/GSR/Documents/GSR2015/Discussion_papers_and_Presentations/GSR_DiscussionPaper_IoT.pdf
 3.3 The Evolving Role of Regulators

Trends in Telecommunication Reform Special Edition: 4th Generation Regulation

<http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regulatory-Market/Pages/Trends/Trends-Special%20Edition.aspx>
 Regulatory Challenges
Consumer Protection
Convergence
Licensing Balancing Intellectual Property Rights

Universal Service
Net Neutrality

Rise of Social Networking and Web 2.0 Privacy

spectrum management
Self-Regulation and Netiquette

standards
Regulation of digital content
Green ICT – carbon dioxide
competition, emissions, cyber waste

Cybersecurity Concerns Regulation in a global era

Global Symposium of Regulators (GSR) Best Practice Guidelines 2013 on the evolving
roles of both regulation and regulators in a digital environment:

i. Adopt a “light-touch” regulatory approach, intervening only when necessary, while

ensuring that market forces work without constraints and in favour of innovation;

ii. Ensure that the principles of fair, equal and non-discriminatory treatment of all market
players continue to prevail, fostering a level playing field among regulated and
unregulated players;

iii. Apply administratively simplified and flexible models to facilitate market entry and
stimulate competition and innovation;

iv. Conduct market analysis to assess the situation in a converged environment;

v. Adopt a regulatory framework that eliminates barriers to new entrants;

vi. Include competitive provisions that guarantee a healthy relationship between all
authorized players in the relevant market (operators, Internet providers, OTT providers,
etc.);
vii. Empower consumers to make informed decisions through the development of online
tools to check download speeds, quality-of-service and prices for access and data plans;
viii. Implement measures to monitor the use of traffic management techniques to ensure
that they do not unfairly discriminate between market players;

ix. Encourage network and facility sharing through “soft” measures such as cross-sector
infrastructure mapping that enables the coordination of civil works.

x. Ensure the highest level of transparency and openness, such as by making relevant
market data and regulations publicly available;

xi. Encourage multi-stakeholder consultation on policy and regulatory matters;

xii. Continue to ensure regulatory predictability and foster co-regulation wherever

possible;

xiii. Work with other interested stakeholders to reduce or remove practical barriers to
broadband infrastructure deployment.

Regulators can be facilitators, or partners, in promoting development and social inclusion.

Regulators can sponsor and oversee PPPs among aid donors, governments, ministries and
NGOs, particularly in meeting universal access goals for rural, remote and un-served areas
and for people with special needs.
3.3.1. Licensing
2nd. generation regulators - liberalisation, creating competition in different market
segments by separately licensing mobile, fixed , Internet and international services.

Convergence - regulators - reduce barriers to competition and protect consumer interests.

Liberalised licensing methods, offer multi-service licences allowing provision of a

designated set of services (not any / all services).

Allowing foreign ownership of domestic operators or licensees boost competition and

the local economy

3rd. generation regulation moved to unified licences, pioneered by Singapore, Australia,

Nigeria, Kenya, Egypt and a number of EU countries. Unified licensing has allowed any
company wishing to provide telecommunication services to do so using any technology
and offering any type of service, whether it is fixed, mobile, data, or Internet

4th. Generation & IOT: EU studies recommend a licence-exempt model to support IoT.
Avoids contractual negotiations before devices are manufactured and used. Competition
regulators will need to monitor any abuse of market dominance and foster a competitive
and innovative market
 ISSUES
OTT services: Licensed telecommunication service operators demand OTT
services, eg. Skype, be licensed.
• OTT services currently fall outside of the regulatory service definitions
because they are not directly provided to customers but accessed over a
network that is already licensed.
• OTTs are not using any scarce resources such as numbering, spectrum or
access to land.
• Customers pay the licensed service provider for Internet connectivity, and
the OTT providers also pay to be connected to licensed operators
• OTT service providers are providing services that consumers want to buy.
• Network operators benefit through increased demand and traffic but have
no control, no rights, no responsibilities and no claim on the OTT provider.

Question
• Should an OTT like the Uber ap website be blocked?
• Is it the same as blocking online gambling sites?
• Should OTTs like Uber be licensed?
• Is the law being used in an anti-competitive manner to
sustain existing business as against online businesses?
• Will the public interest be served?
Over-The-Top (OTT) Services

basically 3 types of OTT apps

(i) Broadcasting - Video / audio content refers to delivery of audio, video, and other media over
the Internet without the involvement of a multiple-system operator in the control or distribution of the
content.
• The Internet provider may be aware of the contents of the Internet Protocol packets but is not
responsible for, nor able to control, the viewing abilities, copyrights, and/or other redistribution of
the content.
• It is unlike the purchasing or rental of video or audio content from an Internet service provider
(ISP), such as pay television video on demand or an IPTV video service, like AT&T U-Verse.
• OTT refers to content that arrives from a third party – eg. Hulu, Netflix, Popcorn Time – and is
delivered to an end-user device.
• The ISP merely transports the IP packets from source to destination.

(ii) Messaging & voice services, (Communication services);

• providing instant messaging services as an alternative to text messaging services provided by a
mobile network operator. Eg. WhatsApp, Skype, WeChat, Viber, Chat On, Snapchat Instagram,
Kik, Google Talk, Hike, Line ecommerce sites - Amazon, Flipkart etc.

• taken away traditional (mobile) phone operator business by using open internet communication to
replace and enhance existing operator controlled services.
• Consumers can access OTT content through internet-connected devices such as desktop and laptop
computers, smart phones, tablets, gaming consoles etc.
(iii) Application eco-systems (mainly non-real time), linked to social networks, e-
commerce,eg. Ola, Uber, e-payments, e-banking, entertainment apps, mobile location, based
services and digital advertising, Cloud Servises eg. Google, Dropbox etc.

Telco Service provider (TSP) OTT

Challenges environment for innovation and alternative
services to grow
constant strain on networks. Risk that the server No overhead costs. Free / Nominal charges to
will reach its capacity very fast, thus compelling consumers.
constant upgrades costs borne by TSP

Fall in revenue increased data usage increases revenue flows of

the TSPs.

Security concerns - legally approved Security concerns - no such provision exists for
surveillance of a telecom network. OTTs – offensive content.
Threat to privacy – trace user’s location – lawful Threat to privacy – Most applications can trace
use. the user’s location . Confidential information is
lost or intercepted – crowd sourcing of
information.
3.3.2 Search for new Spectrum

Rise of the mobile sector - Requires international allocations and

the development of regional band plans that guide spectrum use

- spectrum sharing - involves sharing access networks with dedicated frequencies.

Eg. Hybrid or ‘heterogeneous use of licensed operator networks combined with
unlicensed ( eg. Wi-fi ) spectrum use known as ‘off-loading.

- ‘TV white spaces’ the use of databases which allow

unlicensed broadband services to operate in unoccupied
spectrum in the UHF television bands – eg. in Kenya and
S Africa. The UK and the USA are developing ‘TV white
spaces’ regulations.

- ‘licensed shared access’ (LSA) - Cellular network operators in Europe and the USA are
developing a framework that gives operators priority access. This involves management
and co-ordination eg. Similar to white space databases. This would provide quality
service, regulatory stability and incentives for investment.
3.3.3. Privacy and Data protection across Borders and in the cloud
3 main areas for consumer protection

(i) how the data consumers generate will be used

(ii) online world domination by a few large players eg. Google, Microsoft , Facebook etc.
(iii) advertising and the collection of user data.

Risk
• intruders can break into IoT systems and networks to access sensitive personal information
about users, and using vulnerable devices to attack local networks and other devices.

• large IoT systems eg. smart cities extremely vulnerable –

EU studies recommend:
• IoT companies follow a security and privacy “by design” approach, building security and
privacy functionality into the device from the outset of the development process.
• Companies developing and operating IoT systems need to conduct security testing, and
consider how security vulnerabilities discovered after devices are sold can be fixed during
their likely lifetime.
• data minimisation in consumer IoT devices - limiting the amount of personal data collected
or retained, to reduce the risk of data breaches and/or use of the data for other than the
intended purpose(s).
 .

Big Brother is Watching

You

Published: 8 June 1949

 Channel 4 television programme ‘Hunted’ -
questions whether it is possible for ordinary
members of the public to go ‘off grid’ and
escape the tracks of their digital footprints.
11 Nov. 2014 <http://www.channel4.com/info/press/news/hunted>

Hackers expose nude photos of celebrities stored in the

Cloud. But who is at fault?
The Register 31 Aug. 2014
<http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/08/31/jlaw_upton_caught_in_celeb_nude_pics_
hack/

The Edward Snowden disclosures – ‘Global

Surveillance’ - bulk collection of data.
The Guardian 1 Nov. 2013
< http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/nov/01/snowden-nsa-
files-surveillance-revelations-decoded#section/1>
UK - Data Retention and Investigations Powers Act 2014 –
• communications service providers (i.e. telcos, ISPs, CSPs) required to store
communications data (including call and internet search metadata) for 12 months.
• necessary to protect existing interception capabilities to protect against paedophiles,
terrorists and other serious criminals –
• would cover the retention of only metadata, such as the time, location and frequency of
communications, and would not cover the content of communications.

• Germany – deleted data retention from its Telco Act 2012.

• Austria – limited

Google Street View: Are Public Streets Private?

Google’s ―Street View‖ service. In connection with Google
Maps, and GPS service, Google also included street level
photographs of major routes in countless cities, to help with
navigation. These include close-up views of private
homes and streets - peeping into personal and private lives.
In the process Google obtained a vast amount of Wi­‑­ Fi data from Wi‑Fi receivers in its Street
View vehicles. Google also admitted that it intercepted and stored Wi ‑Fi transmission data,
including email passwords and email content.
 Wearable Computing
Risk stems from the fact that devices are able, and intended, to
communicate with each other and transfer data autonomously.

•Quantified Self; records information about wearer’s own habits and

lifestyles.

•Domotics (home automation -“connected” light bulbs, thermostats,

smoke alarms, weather stations, washing machines, or ovens that can be
controlled remotely over the internet. Eg. revenge by ex-husband on wife
by interfering with the home temperature system.

Ajay Jakhar, Wearable Technology, The Future of Privacy? <http://www.slideshare.net/ajay_jakhar/wearable-technology-the-future-of-privacy?qid=b46f26a7-ce1a-40f7-

 3.3.4 Net neutrality
Regulation of net neutrality

Generally, defined as treating all IP traffic equally, regardless of the type of content,
service, application or device (BEREC) i.e. independent of
(i) content,
(ii) application,
(iii) service,
(iv) device,
(v) sender address, and
(vi) receiver address. Sender and receiver address implies that the treatment is independent
of end user and content/application/service provider.

• Regulatory response should be proportionate and evidence-based - reliance on existing

regulatory frameworks and market-based mechanisms.
• US : choice of ISP can be limited
• Britain: Ofcom prefers competition between ISPs . Consumers better able to understand
traffic management policies and switch ISPs.
• EU Connected Continent Regulation favours ‘open internet’. But requires special
agreements for delivery of services ‘a specific level of quality’ services.
• Purported legalisation of fast lanes; a key issue of net neutrality
Issues:
1. Net neutrality and traffic management

Defn: Traffic management: collection of techniques that an ISP may use, involving the
delay of certain types of IP packets and the prioritization of others, which enables the ISP
to allocate available network resources and attain or guarantee optimum performance for
diverse classes of users across the network.

Objectives:
Traffic management necessary to ensure:
(i) Quality of service in the converged environment – realtime services - such as
streaming video, video conferencing and chatting, Internet telephony and online
gaming but can also be abused by the ISP

(ii) Necessary to: improve transparency and reduce switching costs for consumers; and,
potentially, to introduce powers to restrict specific behavior, such as traffic blocking
and unreasonable discrimination. Provide network security

There is no legislation requiring net neutrality in the UK or at EU-level. However, many

leading ISPs have signed up to a voluntary code; agreeing not to discriminate against
competitive content nor block access to lawful content, and to make traffic management
policies transparent. 
.
 Traffic management conduct Data cap- Priority given to some
service providers’ content or
applications over others (perhaps
for a fee. Potential revenue
Blocking content
Traffic management only e.g. spam, illegal stream for ISPs)
applied during periods of website content Application-
high congestion agnostic
congestion
management

Best efforts Priority – time-sensitive Differentiated Access-tiering: An ISP

- No traffic management traffic, such as VoIP and Throttling / may prioritize a specific
by the ISP IPTV degrading of some application or content by
- -No charging for tiered types of traffic e.g. selling access to a “lane”.
QoS P2P CAPs can generate greater
revenue to fund the
Blockin - Blocking rival’s network investments
content or applications e.g. necessary to handle
rival IPTV service increasingly bandwidth-
hungry services

Ofcom, United Kingdom, < stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/consultations/netneutrality/summary/netneutrality.pdf>

 3.3.5 Green ICT – e-waste
Gartner (2007) estimates that "The global ICT industry accounts for approximately 2
% of global carbon dioxide emissions, a figure equivalent to aviation"
The manufacture, use and disposal of all IT equipment as well as Wireless and connected
routers, hubs, and other networking equipment Mail servers, file servers, firewalls,
databases , Data Centres and the equipment in them etc. impact the environment.

Objective - To ensure that equipment:

• is sustainably produced
• lasts longer
• wastes less energy
• is used in an efficient way
• is disposed of responsibly

• What if your house knew when you'd left home for the weekend and could turn off all
power to non essential devices you've identified?
• What if this was fed back to the electricity company so they could make smart
decisions about routing power to consumers, allowing them to optimise production,?
• What if the electricity companies then fed back into a national grid that could make
smarter decisions nationally, requiring less power stations to be built and constantly
producing power in the first place.
Gartner Estimates ICT Industry Accounts for 2 Percent of Global CO2 Emissions <http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/503867>
Green ICT . Org.uk <http://greenict.org.uk/intro>
 REFERENCES
Ajay Jakhar, Wearable Technology, The Future of Privacy? http
://www.slideshare.net/ajay_jakhar/wearable-technology-the-future-of-privacy?qid=b46f26a7-ce1a-40f7-b1ba-ae699e74ecd7&v=default&b=
&from_search=1

Alan Horne, Fourth-Generation Regulation: A New Model Of Regulation For The Digital Ecosystem. ITU, Trends in Telecommunications
2014. <https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/pref/D-PREF-TTR.15-2014-PDF-E.pdf>

Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, Opinion 8/2014 on the on Recent Developments on the Internet of Things http://
ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/files/2014/wp223_en.pdf

Gartner Estimates ICT Industry Accounts for 2 Percent of Global CO2 Emissions <http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/503867>
Green ICT . Org.uk http://greenict.org.uk/intro

Ian Brown GSR discussion paper Regulation and the Internet of Things
<http://www.itu.int/en/ITUConferences/GSR/Documents/GSR2015/Discussion_papers_and_Presentations/GSR_DiscussionPaper_IoT.pdf

ICT Regulation Toolkit: Malaysia: Defining the Communications Market

http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/toolkit/notes/PracticeNote/2604

Iot Governance, Privacy And Security Issues European Research Cluster On The Internet Of Things (Jan. 2015)
http://www.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/IERC_Position_Paper_IoT_Governance_Privacy_Security_Final.pdf

Ofcom, United Kingdom, < stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/consultations/netneutrality/summary/netneutrality.pdf>

Colin Blackman and Lara Srivastava, Editors, Telecommunications Regulation Handbook ,Tenth Anniversary Edition
<https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/13277/74543.pdf?sequence=1>
The Guardian 1 Nov. 2013 < http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/nov/01/snowden-nsa-files-surveillance-revelations-
decoded#section/1

The Register 31 Aug. 2014 <http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/08/31/jlaw_upton_caught_in_celeb_nude_pics_hack

Trends in Telecommunication Reform Special Edition: 4th Generation Regulation

http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regulatory-Market/Pages/Trends/Trends-Special%20Edition.aspx