GLOBAL

POPULATION
AND
MOBILITY
Contemporary World
Learning
Objectives:

 Identify the attributes
Define what ofisa global city
global city
 Define demography
 Describe and explain the the theory of
demographic transition and its effect on
global population
 Identify the effects of overpopulation on
the economic welfare
 Identify the types and reasons for
migration of the people
 Analyze the factors underlying the global
movements of people
 Discuss the effects of global migration on
the economic well-being of states
GLOBAL
CITY
 GLOBAL CITY
An urban centre that enjoys significant competitive
advantages
and that serves as a hub within a globalized economic
The term has its origin in research on cities carried out
during the 1980’s which examined the common
characteristics of the world most important cities
 New York London Tokyo

New York, London, and Tokyo can be identified as global cities, all of which are hubs of
global finance and capitalism. This concept of gobal cities was used to describe these three urban centers
of New York, London and Tokyo as economic centers that exert control over the world’s political
economy.
World cities are categorized as such based on the global reach of organization
found in them. Not only are there inequalities between these cities there also exist
inequalities within each city. Alternatively, these cities can be seen as imortant
nodes
in a variety of global networks.
Although cities are major beneficiaries of globalization, they are also the most
severely
affected by global problems.
INDICATORS OF GLOBAL CITY
The following are the foremost characteristics of a Global
city:
1. Seats of Economic Power - largely determines which cities are
global.
The following are the foremost characteristics of a Global
city:
2. Centers of Authority - global cities are also centers of
authority.
The following are the foremost characteristics of a Global
city:
3. Centers of Political Influence - the cities that house major international
organizations may also be considered centers of political influence.
The following are the foremost characteristics of a Global
city:
4. Centers of Higher Learning and Culture - a city's intellectual
influence is seen through the influence of its publishing industry.
The following are the foremost characteristics of a Global
city:
5. Economic Opportunities - in a global city make it attractive
to
talents from across the world
The following are the foremost characteristics of a Global
city:
6. Economic Competitiveness - the Economist Intelligence Unit has added other
criteria like market size, purchasing power of citizens, size of the middle class,
and
potential for growth.
Cities as Engines of
Globalization
 Cities as Engines of Globalization

• Cities are the engines of globalization. They

are
social magnets, growing faster and faster. In the
current generation, urban life has become the
dominant
world. form of human life throughout the
• Urban growth is faster outside the Western world, fastest in
the poorest areas, such as Africa and the poorer parts of Asia,
producing the most serious problems‚ which as the processes
of
globalization also progress will cease to be African and Asian
problems and will become global problems.
• As the pace of growth accelerates, the distinguishing
cultural
features of established historical cities become diluted.
Established institutional forms of governance and services do
not work with larger numbers.
GLOBAL
DEMOGRAPHY
 Demography: Meaning and Its Origin
• The term demography was derived from the Greek
word demos for “population” and graphia for
“description” or “writing,” thus the phrase,
“writings
about population.”
• However, the origins of modern demography can be
traced back to the John Graunt’s analysis of ‘Bills of
Mortality’ which was published in 1662.
•Demography refers to the study of populations, with
reference to size and density, fertility, mortality, growth, age
distribution, migration, and vital statistics and the interaction
of all these with social and economic conditions”.

• Demographic transition started in mid- or late 1700’s in

Europe.
EFFECT OF DEMOGRAPHY TRANSITION
A remarkable effect of the demographic transition is the
enormous gap in life expectancy that emerged between
Japan and the West on the one hand and the rest of the
world. By 1820, the life expectancy at birth on Japan
and
the West was 12 years greater than the other countries.
During the 19th century, Europe and the West had an
increase in share in the world’s population, from 22.0 %
to 33.0 %, while Asia and Oceania’s contribution
dropped from 69.0% to 56.7 %. India and China
suffered from economic stagnation and decline during
that time.
Between 1820 and 1980, 69.3 % of the world’s
population growth occurred in Europe and Western
offshoots. And between 1950 and 2000, however, only
11.7 % occurred in the region. The United States
projected that the population growth will be shifted
toward Africa.
Also, in 2150, there will be a projected increase of
two
billion if we combine the population of Asia, Latin
America, and Oceania.
The developing countries like India and the Philippines
had higher dependency rations than the West in 1900.
The Dependency ratios started to disappear because
there is a decline in global birth rate. Furthermore, the
gap in fertility between the West and the less developed
countries became smaller by the 21th century. Over the
next 50 years, the cases of dependency rations of these
two areas in the world will be reversed. The aging
population will cause a rise in dependency ratio,
starting
in the West.
 •• DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION ••
PROS OF DEMOGRAPHIC CONS OF DEMOGRAPHIC
TRANSITION TRANSITION
 Better Economy  Shortage of Food and Land
 Better Labor Force  Environmental Problems
 Efficient Utilization of Resources  Poverty and Low Standard of Living
 Medical, Agricultural, and Industrial  Inflation
Growth
Theory of Demographic Transition
Demographic transition theory suggests
that future population growth will
develop along a predictable four- or
five-
stage model.
 STAGE 1
• In stage one, pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates
are high and roughly in balance. An example of this stage is the
United States in the 1800s. All human populations are believed
to have had this balance until the late 18th century, when this
balance ended in Western Europe. In fact, growth rates were
less
than 0.05% at least since the Agricultural Revolution over
10,000 years ago. Population growth is typically very slow in
this
stage, because
In the late 1800s, the prospects in the western part of the United States
 STAGE 2
• In stage two, that of a developing country, death rates drop
rapidly due to improvements in food supply and sanitation,
which increase life spans and reduce disease. Afghanistan is
currently in this stage.
 STAGE 3
• In stage three, birth rates fall. Mexico’s population is at this stage. Birth
rates decrease due to various fertility factors such as access to
contraception,
increases in wages, urbanization, a reduction in subsistence agriculture, an
increase in the status and education of women, a reduction in the value of
children’s work, an increase in parental investment in the education of
children and other social changes. Population growth begins to level off.
The birth rate decline in developed countries started in the late 19th
century in northern Europe.
 STAGE 4
• During stage four, there are both low birth rates and low death
rates. Birth rates may drop to well below replacement level as
has
happened in countries like Germany, Italy, and Japan, leading to
a shrinking population, a threat to many industries that rely
on population growth. Sweden is considered to currently be in
Stage 4..
STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
 STAGE 5
[ DEBATED]

• Some scholars delineate a separate fifth stage of below-

replacement
fertility levels. Others hypothesize a different stage five involving
an
increase in fertility. The United Nations Population Fund (2008)
categorizes nations as high-fertility, intermediate-fertility, or low-
fertility. The United Nations (UN) anticipates the population
growth will triple between 2011 and 2100 in high-fertility countries,
which are currently concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa. For
countries with intermediate
GLOBAL MIGRATION
MOBILITY- the ability to move or be moved freely
and
easily.

MIGRATION- a move from an origin to a Destination

or
place of birth to another destination or for a long period
of time.
GLOBAL MIGRATION- people go to foreign
countries.
 2 TYPES OF MIGRATION:

• Internal Migration- moving from one area to another WITHIN

ONE
COUNTRY
 Example of Internal Migration

•RURAL URBAN-MIGRATION •COUNTER URBANISATION

is the common form of internal
most is said
migration in many countries all to occur when an urban area
over the world. starts losing its population or
when there is decrease in the
population of an urban area.
 2 TYPES OF MIGRATION:
• International Migration- the movement of people who
CROSS
THE BORDERS within one country.
The latter can be Broke down into 5
groups:
1. Immigrants- move PERMANENTLY
2. Workers - stay in another country for a fixed period (at least 6 months in
a year)
3. Illegal immigration-movement of people to other country in violation of
the immigration laws.
4. Migrants - move TEMPORARILY
5. Refugees (Forced Migration) - “unable or unwilling to return because of
a
well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social group, or political opinion."
•The united States faces a major influx of illegal immigrants from
Mexico
and other Central American states
• A fence is being constructed on the US-Mexico border to control this
flow of people

• “locking in” people

OFW send remittances back to family members in the country of
origin.
 REMITANCES

A remittance is money that is sent from one party to another

which improves the lives of the recipients, reduces poverty
rates,
and increases the level of education as well as the foreign
reserves of the home country.
 $14.5 billion Remittances
$24.5 billion Remittances

$21.1 billion Remittances

REASONS FOR MIGRATION
People decide to migrate because of push and pull
factors.

•Push Factor - induces people to move out

of
there present location.
•Pull factor .- induces people to move into a
new location
1. Cultural
Factor
Cultural factor can be specially a compelling push factor, pushing
people
to emigrate from a country. Forced international migration has historically
occurred for two cultural reasons: slavery and political instability.
2. Socio-political
Factor
Socio-political factors have become more prominent force to initiate
migration activities. Political instability in some parts of the world is
responsible for migration that needs to be addressed by the scholars of the
world.
3. Environmental
Factor
According to IOM (International Organization for Migration): "Environmental
migrants are persons or group of persons who, for compelling reasons of sudden or
progressive changes in the environment that adversely affect their lives or living
conditions, are obliged to leave their habitual homes, or choose to do so, either
temporarily or permanently, and who move either within their country or abroad"

4. Economic Factors
Migration is a process affecting individuals and their families economically.
It
ensues as a response to economic development along with social and cultural
factors.
 According to World Migration Report published in 2018, "The total
estimated 244 million people living in a country other than their country of
birth in 2015 is 100 million more than in 1990 (when it was 153 million),
and over three times estimated number in 1970 (84 million). While the
proportion of international migrants globally has increased over this period, it
is evident that the vast majority of people continue to live in the country in
which they were born. Most international migrants in 2015 (around 72%)
were of working age (20 to 64 years of age), with a slight decrease in
migrants
aged less than 20 between 2000 and 2015 (17% to 15%), and a constant
share 159 (around 12%) of international migrants age 65 years or more since
2000.
THANK
YOU!!!