PHILLIPPINE

CRIMINAL
JUSTICE SYSTEM
 LEGAL SOCIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL

is a “convicted” A person who A person who

person whose violated a social violated rules of
behavior does not norm or one who conduct due to
follow the general did an anti-social behavioral
pattern approved act maladjustment
by law-abiding
society
Justice
- process of rendering what is due to others
System
- is one which consists of several parts that
“interact” with each other or produce some
“result,” serve some “functions,” or meet some
“objectives.”
 This concerns to the obligations of the
community to individuals, and requires fair
disbursement of common advantages and
sharing of common burden.

JUSTICE
Justice, according to the Supreme Court of the Philippines,
is symbolically represented by a
1. blindfolded woman,
2. holding with one hand a sword and
3. with the other a balance.
 CRIMINAL JUSTICE
REFERS TO THE STUDY OF ALL GOVERNMENT
AGENCIES THAT IS TASKED TO PRECENT CRIMES AND
MAINTAIN PEACE AND SOCIAL ORDER IN THE
COMMUNITY
 CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
1. Criminal Justice System refers to the sum total of instrumentation
which a society uses in the prevention and control of crime and
delinquency.
2. It refers to the machinery of the state or government which
enforces the rules of conduct necessary to protect life and property
and to maintain peace and order.
3. It also comprises all the means used to enforce those standards of
conduct which are deemed necessary to protect individuals and to
maintain general community well-being.
 CJS MAY ALSO BE DEFINED AS:
1. It is the tool of a democratic government to protect the people
against criminality and other peace and order problems
2. In theory, CJS is an integrated process primarily concerned with
apprehension, prosecution, trial, adjudication, and correction of
criminal offenders.
3. CJS is a legal process of linking the law enforcement, prosecution,
courts, corrections, and community to have an integrated scheme of
investigating and preventing crimes with the ultimate purpose of
promoting justice.
 THE SIX CJS
LAW
PROCESS
ENFORCEMENT

1. ARREST / APPREHENSION / INITIAL CONTACT

2. CHARGING / FILING OF COMPLAINTPROSECUTION
COMMUNITY
OR INFORMATION
3. ADJUDICATION / TRIAL
4. SENTENCING / VERDICT / DECISION / JUDGMENT
5. CORRECTION / PENALIZATION / CRIMINAL SANCTIONS
6. REINTEGRATION
CORRECTION COURT
 THE MOST BASIC STRATEGY OF CRIME
It maybe described as prevention by setting&an
PREVENTION example (e.g.
CONTROL
imposition of punishment on the offender) with the end view
of creating fear in the mind of an individual who witnessed it
in order for him not to do the same in the future.

DETERRENCE
 TWO (2) TYPES OF DETERRENCE
• General Deterrence Theory – crimes can be
thwarted by the threat of punishment like capital
punishment – effect
• Specific Deterrence Theory – the penalties should
be sufficiently severe to discourage especially
second-time offenders knowing that the gain is not
worth the punishment
 CJS MODELS
(ACCORDING TO HERBERT PACKER)
1. Crime Control Model - is based on the idea that the most
important function of the CJS is protection of the public and
the SUPPRESSION of criminal conduct – the rights of the
individuals are just secondary
2. Due Process Model – to the proponents of this, the rights of
an individual must be co-equal with the concern for public
safety.
 It is that branch of substantive public law, which
defines crimes, treats of their nature, and provides for
their punishment.

CRIMINAL LAW
A division of LAW that defines the elements that are
necessary for an act to constitute as a crime and
therefore punishable.

SUBSTANTIVE LAW
 TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OFCRIMINAL
CRIMINAL
LAW
LAW
CIVIL LAW
  MERCANTILE LAW
1. SUBSTANTIVE
-defines the elements that are necessary for an act to constitute as a
crime and therefore punishable.
2. PROCEDURAL CRIMINAL PORCEDURE
refers to a statute that provides procedures appropriate for the
AND EVIDENCE
enforcement of the Substantive Criminal Law.
REMEDIAL LAW

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
This principal character of the criminal justice
process links all components of the CJS.

OFFENDER
 TWO BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL
LAW IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE CJS
1. PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE
accused of crimes are considered innocent until proven guilty.
No less than the Constitution of the Philippines provides that an accused shall
be presumed innocent until proven guilty

2. BURDEN OF PROOF
the government must prove beyond “reasonable doubt” that the suspect
committed the crime
Unless his guilt is shown beyond reasonable doubt, he is entitled to an
acquittal.
 THE DIFFERENT NOMENCLATURES GIVEN TO
THE PERSON WHO IS BEING PROCESSED
UNDER THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM:
1. LAW ENFORCEMENT 🡪 SUSPECT
2. PROSECUTION 🡪 RESPONDENT
3. COURT 🡪 ACCUSED / DEFENDANT / APPELLANT
4. CORRECTIONS 🡪 PRISONER / CONVICT / INMATE
5. COMMUNITY 🡪 CITIZEN
PHILOSOPHIES BEHIND THE CJS
1. Adversarial Approach (RP’s Approach)
- assumes innocence
- the prosecutor has the burden of proof
- the emphasis is given on the proper procedures
 
2. Inquisitorial Approach
- assumes guilt
- the accused has the burden of proof
- the emphasis is on the conviction of the accused
 LAW ENFORCEMENT

- also called the POLICE pillar. It occupies

the frontline of the CJS because they are
regarded as the initiator of the system.
They are also the first contact of the law
violator in the CJS process. It
investigates, makes arrests and prepares
evidence against the suspects needed to
prosecute them.
PROSECUTION
- takes care of evaluating the evidence
and formally charges the suspects before
the court. It serves as screening process
on whether to file a case base on
evidence or dismiss the same and
determines what particular crime shall be
formally filed and presents the burden of
proof against the suspect
 COURT
- conducts arraignment and trial. It
issues warrant of arrest if the accused is at
large and acquits the innocent and
adjudicate penalty for the accused if found
guilty.
CORRECTION
- responsible for the incarceration
and rehabilitation of the convicted
person to prepare for eventual
reintegration in the community.
COMMUNITY
- helps the penitent offender to become law-abiding
citizen by accepting the ex-convict’s re-entry and assists
said penitent offender lead a new life as a responsible
member of the society
- Not under or independent among the branches of
the government.
 
 FIRST PILLAR:
LAW ENFORCEMENT
The law enforcement pillar is the branch of the criminal
justice system that has the specific responsibility of
maintaining law and order and combating crime within the
society.
The Law Enforcement as the first pillar is considered to be the
“initiator” or the “prime mover” of the Criminal Justice
System. This pillar is also commonly referred to as the police
pillar.
 THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE
1. CONTINENTAL THEORY
- POLICE SERVE HIGHER AUTHORITIES
2. HOME RULE THEORY
- POLICE SERVE COMMUNITY

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
TWO CONCEPT OF POLICE EFFICIENCY
CRIME SUPRESSION
1. OLD CONCEPT
- HIGH ARREST RATE
2. MODERN CONCEPT
- LOW ARREST – LOW CRIME RATE

CRIME PREVENTION

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
 
POLICE
- Organized pursuant to RA 6975, as amended
by RA 8551 as further amended by R.A. 9708.

THE PRIMARY POLICE FORCE OF THE

PHILIPPINES

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 EVOLUTION OF THE PHILIPPINE
POLICE SERVICE
SPANISH REGIME

A. Carabineros de Seguridad Publico (Mounted Police):

B. Guardrilleros
C. Guardia Civil

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 JAPANESE OCCUPATION
The Japanese Military Police known as
“Kempetai” was held responsible in
maintaining peace and order in Manila. The
Manila Police, which was created during
the first American occupation, was
renamed into Metropolitan Constabulary
under the Bureau of Constabulary.
Kempetai ruled the urban areas until Gen.
Douglas McArthur returned on February 7,
1945. CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
3. American Occupation
Another Insular Police Force was created on JULY 18, 1901 by virtue of
ACT # 175
Manila Police Department was organized on July 31, 1901 by virtue of
Act # 183 of the Philippine Commission. The 1st Chief of Police was
Capt. George Curry.
The Philippine Constabulary (PC) was formally established on Oct. 03,
1901 by virtue of Act # 255. Capt. Henry T. Allen was the 1st Chief of the
Philippine Constabulary.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
On September 18, 1966, Republic Act # 4864 otherwise
known as Police Act of 1966 was enacted. The law created the
office of the Police Commission (which was later called
National Police Commission) under the Office of the
President.
On Aug. 8, 1975, Presidential Decree # 765 It defined also the
relationship between the Integrated National Police and the
Philippine Constabulary.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
On December 13, 1990, Republic Act # 6975 was
approved by then President Corazon Aquino.
This law is known as the DILG Act of 1990 and but it
is also recognized as The PNP Law of 1991.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS OF RA 6975

Section 6, Art. XVI of the 1987 Philippine

Constitution expressly provides that the State
shall establish and maintain one police force,
which is national in scope and civilian in
character to be administered by a national
police commission.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 On February 25, 1998, the provisions of Republic Act # 6975
concerning the PNP were amended when Republic Act # 8551
was approved by President Fidel Ramos. RA # 8551, known as
the PNP Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998, reorganized
the PNP for the purpose of reforming or professionalizing it

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 REPUBLIC ACT 9708
1. the institution of a criminal action or complaint against a
police officer shall not be a bar to promotion
2. That upon finding of probable cause
3. That if the case remains unresolved after two (2) years from
the aforementioned determination of probable cause, he or
she shall be considered for promotion.
4. punishable by reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment, and
the court has determined that the evidence of guilt is strong,
ARREST
Arrest is the taking of a person into custody in order that he may be
bound to answer for the commission of an offense.
MODES OF ARREST
  1. Arrest by virtue of a warrant
2. Arrest without a warrant
 An arrest may be made on any day and at any time of the day or night,
even on a Sunday.
 

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 A person who is under custodial investigation is basically
protected by a number of rights mandated under the
constitution and this was even expounded in the legislative
act known as _______?

RA 7438
WARRANT OF ARREST
⮚It is an order in writing issued in the name of the People of
the Philippines, signed by a judge and directed to a peace
officer, commanding him to take a person into custody in
order that he may be bound to answer for the commission of
an offense
⮚shall remain valid until the person to be arrested has been
arrested or has surrendered

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 SEARCH AND SEIZURE
Search refers to the examination of an individual’s
person, house, papers or effects, or other buildings and
premises to discover contraband or some evidence of
guilt to be used in the prosecution of a criminal action

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 SEARCH WARRANT
•  It
is an order in writing issued in the name of the People of
the Philippine, signed by a judge and directed to a peace
officer, commanding him to search for personal property
described therein, and bring it before the court
⮚has a validity period of TEN (10) days
⮚can be served only once within its validity period

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 NATIONAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (NBI)

▪ Commonwealth Act No. 181 - Division of

Investigation
▪ Republic Act No. 157, it was reorganized
into the Bureau of Investigation.
▪ Executive Order No. 94 issued on October
4, 1947 renaming it to what it is presently
known, the National Bureau of
Investigation (NBI).
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY
(PDEA)
▪ created by the virtue of Republic Act 9165.
▪ serves as the implementing arm of the Dangerous Drug Board (DDB).
▪ Responsible for the efficient and effective law enforcement of all the provisions on any
dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical as provided in RA
9165.
▪ headed by Director General with the rank of Undersecretary, appointed by the
President.
▪ The head of the PDEA is assisted by 2 deputies Director General, with the rank of
Assistant Secretary, 1 for Operations and 1 for Administration, also appointed by the
President

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES WITH
SPECIAL LAW ENFORCEMENT POWERS
✔ Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)
✔ Bureau of Immigration
✔ Bureau of Customs
✔ Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR)
✔ Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD)
✔ Bureau of Quarantine
✔ Land Transportation Office (LTO)
✔ Maritime Industry Authority (MARINA)
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
✔ Movie and Television review and Classification
Board (MTRCB)
✔ Optical Media Board (OMB)
✔ Intellectual Property Office (IPO)
✔ Department of the Environment and Natural
resources (DENR)
✔ Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP)
✔ Other government agencies clothed with special
law enforcement powers

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
SECOND PILLAR:
PROSECUTION
 

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Prosecution is the course of action or process whereby accusations
are brought before a court of justice to determine the innocence
or guilt of he accused.

The party in a criminal proceeding who instituted the criminal

action is called the prosecution.
The party against whom the criminal action was instituted is called
the defense.
In all criminal prosecutions, the real offended party is the People
of the Philippines, for a crime is an outrage against, and its
vindication is in favor of, the people in a sovereign state.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 He represent the governments position in a
criminal case during court proceedings from the
time of the suspect’s arrest until the adjudication
of his case.

PROSECUTION / FISCAL

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 ACCORDING TO ART. 125 OF THE RPC, LAW
Is prosecutor a Judicial Authority?
ENFORCER WHO ARRESTED A PERSON SHALL,
WITHOUT DELAY, DELIVER THE PERSON
No. ARRESTED TO THE PREPER JUDICIAL
AUTHORITIES
Judicial authorities thereof is being defined as the judges of
the court of first instance or the court of peace nowadays
known as the judges of the MTC, MTCC, MCTC and MetC and
other higher courts.
FUNCTIONS OF THE PROSECUTION
AGENCIES
Evaluate
File corresponding
Prosecute

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 GOVERNMENT PROSECUTION
AGENCIES
1. National Prosecution Service
2. Office of the Solicitor General (State Prosecutor)
3. Office of the Ombudsman
4. Office of the Regional State Prosecutor
5. Office of the Provincial, City, and Municipal
Prosecutors
6. Public Attorney’s Office

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 THE NATIONAL PROSECUTION
SERVICE (NPS)
✔NPS was created by virtue of Presidential Decree No.
1275
✔This law was enacted on April 11, 1978.
✔The NPS is under the supervision and control of the
Department of Justice (DOJ) and is tasked as the
prosecutorial arm of the government.
✔headed by a Prosecutor General (formerly known as Chief
State Prosecutor) pursuant to R.A. 10071, otherwise
known as the “Prosecution Service Act of 2010”.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
WHAT IS THE HIGHEST RANK IN THE NATIONAL
PROSECUTION SERVICE?

PROSECUTOR V

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 AN ACT STRENGTHENING AND RATIONALIZED THE
NATIONAL PROSECUTION SERVICE ALSO KNOWN AS
Prosecution Service Act of 2010

RA 10071
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Represent the Government in the Supreme Court and the
Court of Appeals in all criminal proceedings; represent the
Government and its officers in the Supreme Court, the Court
of Appeals, and all other courts or tribunals in all civil
actions and special proceedings in which the Government or
any officer thereof in his official capacity is a party

SOLICITOR GENERAL
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
The Office of the Solicitor General represents the
Government of the Philippines, its agencies and
instrumentalities and its officials and agents in any
litigation, proceeding, investigation or matter requiring
the services of lawyers. When authorized by the
President or head of the office concerned, it shall also
represent government owned or controlled
corporations.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 OFFICE OF THE OMBUDSMAN

Investigate and prosecute on its own or on

complaint by any person, any act or omission of any
public officer or employee, office or agency, when
such act or omission appears to be illegal, unjust,
improper or inefficient. It has primary jurisdiction over
cases cognizable by the Sandiganbayan and, in the
exercise of his primary jurisdiction, it may take over, at
any stage, from any investigatory agency of
Government, the investigation of such cases;

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 PUBLIC ATTORNEY’S OFFICE

Republic Act No. 9406 (PAO LAW)

The PAO shall independently discharge its
mandate to render, free of charge, legal
representation, assistance, and counselling to
indigent persons in criminal, civil, labor,
administrative and other quasi-judicial cases. In
the exigency of the service, the PAO may be
called upon by proper government authorities to
render such service to other persons, subject to
existing laws, rules and regulations.”
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
Preliminary investigation is an inquiry or proceeding to
determine whether there is sufficient ground to
engender a well-founded belief that a crime has been
committed and the respondent is probably guilty
thereof and should be held for trial (Sec. 112, Criminal
Procedure, Rules of Court).

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 WHO MAY CONDUCT PRELIMINARY
INVESTIGATION?
1. Provincial or City Prosecutors and their assistants;
2. judges of the municipal trial courts and municipal circuit trial courts
(RA 9165)
3. National and Regional State Prosecutors; and
4. Other officers as may be authorized by law.
5. other officers as may be authorized by law:
a. Tanodbayan’s special prosecutors as authorized by the Ombudsman
b. COMELEC’s authorized legal officers in connection with election
offenses
c. special prosecutors appointed by the Secretary of Justice

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
PROCEDURE FOR PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
(Section 3, Rule 112, Criminal Procedure)

1. 10 DAYS – DISMISS OR ISSUE SUBPOEAN TO THE

RESPONDENT
2. 10 DAYS – COUNTER AFFIDAVIT
3. 10 DAYS - CLARIFICATORY HEARING
4. 10 DAYS – PROBABLE CAUSE

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
COMPLAINT
It is a sworn written statement charging a person with an,
offense, subscribed by the offended party, any peace officer or
other public officer charged ,with the enforcement of the law
violated.

INFORMATION 
It is an accusation in writing charging a person with an offense,
subscribed by the prosecutor and filed with the court

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 It is a process directed to a person requiring him to
attend and to testify at the hearing or the trial of an
action, or at any investigation conducted under the law,
or for the taking of his deposition (Section 1, Rule 23,
Rules of Courts).

SUBPOENA

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 TWO (2) TYPES OF SUBPOENA
1. Subpoena duces tecum
• Process directed to a person, requiring him to bring with him
any books/documents/things under his control. (Asked in the
1997 Bar Exam)

2. Subpoena ad testificandum

Process directed to a person, requiring him to attend and to testify

at the hearing/trial of an action or at any investigation conducted
by competent authority, or for the taking of his deposition.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
is an inquiry made by the duty prosecutor to determine
the legality of the arrest made especially those arrests
made without a warrant.

Inquest procedure

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
BAIL

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Bail is the security given for the
release of a person in custody of
the law, furnished by him or a
bondsman, to guarantee his
appearance before any court as
required under conditions
hereinafter specified. [Rule 114, Sec.
1]
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 BAIL AS A MATTER OF RIGHT

When bail is a matter of right [Rule114, Sec. 4]

a. Before or after conviction by the MTC.
b. Before conviction by RTC of all offenses
punishable by penalty lower than reclusion
perpetua.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 WHEN BAIL NOT AVAILABLE
When evidence of guilt is strong in capital offenses or
those punishable by reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment.

WHEN THE JUDGMENT BECAME “FINAL”

• Exception: When the accused is a minor, he is entitled to

bail regardless of whether the evidence of guilt is strong (RA
9344)
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 WHEN BAIL A MATTER OF DISCRETION
[RULE 114, SEC. 5]
1. Before conviction, in offenses punishable by death,
reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment.
2. Upon conviction by the RTC of an offense not punishable
by death, reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment.
 If the RTC decision changed nature of the offense from
non-bailable to bailable, the application for bail can be
resolved only by the appellate court.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 DETENTION (PREVENTIVE
IMPRISONMENT)
1. accused persons who cannot post bail while
their case is under trial or investigation;
2. accused persons who are waiting for the
court’s decision of their case; and
3. CILC OR VIOLENT INSANITY for safe keeping

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
THIRD PILLAR: COURT

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Court, as the third pillar, is said to be the centerpiece of
the criminal justice system and its primary and most
important function as a component of the criminal
justice system is to decide whether the accused is
guilty or not guilty of the crime he is accused of
committing.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 He is a public officer so named in his commission
(written evidence of appointment) and appointed to
preside over and to administer the law in a court of
justice.

JUDGE

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
COURT AND JUDGE DISTINGUISHED

Court Judge
1. Incorporeal entity 1. Single entity

2. Composed of 1 or more judges 2. Indispensable part of the court

3. Cannot exist without a judge 3. Can exist without a court

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
It is the power to apply the laws to contests or disputes
concerning legally recognized rights or duties of and
between the state and the private persons or between
individual litigants in cases properly brought before the
judicial tribunals.

JUDICIAL POWER

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 THREE INHERENT POWERS OF THE
POWER TO APPLY LAWS
JUDICIARY TO CASE

1. JUDICIAL POWER
2. JUDICIAL REVIEW
3. JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE

POWER TO CONTEST THE

CONSTITUTIONALITY OF LAWS
POWER FROM INTERFERENCE
FROM OTHER BRANCHES
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 It is the authority of the court to hear and try a
particular offense and to impose the punishment
provided by law.

JURISDICTION

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 
Refers to the place, location or site where the
case is to be heard on its merits

VENUE

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 REQUISITES FOR A VALID EXERCISE
OF CRIMINAL JURISDICTION
1. SUBJECT MATTER
2. TERRITORY
3. PERSON OF THE ACCUSED

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 KINDS OF JURISDICTION
SUPREME COURT

1. GENERAL – ALL CASES RTC, MTC

2. LIMITED – FEW CASES
RTC, MTC, SB
3. ORIGINAL – FIRST TIME
RTC, CA, CTA, SC
4. APPELATE – SECOND TIME
5. EXCLUSIVE – CANNOT BE HEARD BE OTHER COURTS
CTA, SB, SHARI’A
6. CONCURRENT – 2 OR MORE COURTS

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 It is otherwise known as the Judiciary
Reorganization Act of 1980 which defines the
organization, composition and jurisdiction of the
courts.

BP 129

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
THE COURT SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES:
Court System is made up of two (2) categories, namely: THE
REVIEW COURTS and TRIAL COURTS.
REVIEW COURTS:
• SUPREME COURT
• COURT OF APPEALS
TRIAL COURTS:
• REGIONAL TRIAL COURT (RTC)
• METROPOLITAN TRIAL COURT (MTC)
• MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURT IN CITIES (MTCC)
• MUNICIPAL CIRCUIT TRIAL COURT (MCTC)
• MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURT (MTC)
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
In addition to the regular courts of justice constituting
the Integrated Judicial System…
SPECIAL COURTS or QUASI-JUDICIAL COURTS are
added:
SANDIGANBAYAN (ANTI-GRAFT COURT) -PD 1606
ISLAMIC COURT (SHARI’AH COURT) – PD 1083
COURT OF TAX APPEALS or CTA (for tax cases) -
RA 1125
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS COURTS or NLRC
(labor disputes)
JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL SERVICE (JAGS)
(military court)

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
QUASI-JUDICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS:

• CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION (CSC)

• COMISSION ON ELECTIONS (COMELEC)
• SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION (SEC)
• NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS COMMISSION
(NLRC)
• ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION (ERC)

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 SUPREME COURT (SC)

⮚the highest court of the land.

⮚composed of a Chief Justice and 14
Associate Justices.
⮚has appellate jurisdiction over cases
decided by the Court of Appeals and
has the power of judicial review.
⮚the court of last resort

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 COURT OF APPEALS (CA)
⮚headed by a Presiding Justice and composed
of sixty-eight (68) Associate Justices.
⮚has appellate jurisdiction over cases decided
by the Regional Trial Courts.
⮚It reviews not only the decisions and orders
of the Regional Trial Courts nationwide, but
also those of the Court of Tax Appeals

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
The party bringing the case to the COURT OF
APPEALS is called
_____________________________

APPELLANT

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 REGIONAL TRIAL COURTS (RTC)

⮚presided by a Regional Judge.

⮚has general jurisdiction over criminal cases and has
jurisdiction over offenses punishable with
imprisonment of six (6) years and one (1) day and
over.
⮚has appellate jurisdiction over cases decided by the
MTCC, MTC, MeTC and MCTC.
⮚JUVENILES AND RA 9262, RA 9165
⮚There are 720 Regional Trial Court Judges in the
Philippines coming from every region in the country
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Municipal Trial Courts/Municipal Trial Courts in
Cities/Municipal Circuit Trial Court/Metropolitan Trial
Court

Original Jurisdiction: (a) all violations of city and municipal

ordinances, (b) all offenses punishable with imprisonment not
exceeding six (6) years irrespective of the amount of fine, (c)
damage to property through criminal negligence.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
1. Municipal Trial Court – for municipalities
2. Municipal Circuit Trial Court – 2 or more
cities or municipalities
3. Municipal Trial Court in the Cities – for
cities outside NCR
4. Metropolitan Trial Court – for cities in NCR
 SESSION HOURS
MeTCs, MTCs and MCTCs hold daily sessions from
Monday to Friday – from 8:30 am to 12:00 noon and
from 2:00 to 4:30 pm.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 SANDIGANBAYAN
• Presidential Decree No 1606.
• Its rank or level is equal to that of the Court of Appeals
and Court of Tax Appeals.
• It is composed of a Presiding Justice and fourteen (14)
Associate Justices.
• It has original exclusive jurisdiction over public officers
accused of committing crimes in relation to their
official functions and whose salary grade is 27 and
above.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 COURT OF TAX APPEALS (CTA)

• created by Republic Act No 1125, as amended by

Republic Act No 9282.
• Its rank or level is equal to that of the Court of
Appeals and Sandiganbayan.
• It is composed of a Presiding Justice and five (5)
Associate Justices.
• - It has both the original and appellate jurisdictions
over civil and criminal tax cases involving the
National Internal Revenue Code, Tariff and Customs
Code and the Local Government Assessment Code.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 SHARI’A COURTS
• created pursuant to Presidential Decree 1083, otherwise
known as the Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the
Philippines.
• It has exclusive jurisdiction over cases that pertain to family
rights and duties as well as contractual relations of Filipino
Muslims. And decisions rendered by the Shari’a District
Courts are final.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 DUE PROCESS AND THE EQUAL PROTECTION OF
THE LAW
• Section 1, Article III of the 1987 Philippine
Constitution states that no person shall be
deprived of life, liberty or property without
the due process of law nor shall anyone be
denied the equal protection of the law

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
FOURTH PILLAR:
CORRECTIONS

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
FIFTH PILLAR:
COMMUNITY

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 It is said that the home is the cradle of human
personality, for it where the child develops his
fundamental attitudes and habits that last throughout
his life

FAMILY

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 OTHER UNITS OF THE COMMUNITY
1. CHURCH
2. SCHOOL
3. MASS MEDIA
4. NGO’S

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 2-FOLD ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY AS A
PILLAR OF CJS
1. participate in law enforcement activities
2. participate in the promotion of peace and order

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 KATARUNGANG
PAMBARANGAY
(VILLAGE JUSTICE)

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
⮚PD 1293 – the law “Creating a Katarungang Pambarangay
Commission to Study The Feasibility of Resolving Disputes at the
Barangay Level”
- promulgated on 27 January 1978

⮚PD 1508 – the law “Establishing a System of Amicably Settling

Disputes at the Barangay Level”
 
⮚RA 7160 – otherwise known as the “Local Government Code of 1991”
- provides for the REVISED KATARUNGANG PAMBARANGAY LAW
- enacted on 10 October 1991

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
. It is a body of men created to settle
disputes within Barangay level.
a. barangay tanod
b. barangay council
c. pangkat tagapagkasundo
d. lupon tagapamayapa
 LUPONG TAGAPAMAYAPA
MEMBERS:
CHAIRMAN – BARANGAY CAPTAIN
SECRETARY – BRGY. SECRETARY
PLUS 10 – 20 MEMBERS

• Members of the Lupon shall be appointed by the Barangay

Chairman.
• The Lupon shall be constituted every three years.
• A Lupon member shall serve for a period of three years.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 PANGKAT TAGAPAGKASUNDO
• It shall be composed of three (3) members chosen from the
members of the Lupon. They shall choose from among the
three of them the Pangkat Chairman and Pangkat Secretary
• The members of the Pangkat shall be chosen by the parties
of the dispute from among the Lupon members. In case of
disagreement, the Barangay Chairman shall draw lots.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 MATTERS THAT FALL UNDER THE
JURISDICTION OF THE LUPON:
1. those involving offenses that are punishable by the
imprisonment of one year and below, or a fine in the amount of
five thousand pesos and below;
2. those involving parties that actually reside or work in the same
barangay;
3. those involving marital and family disputes;
4. those involving minor disputes between neighbors;
5. those involving real properties located in the barangay;

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 VENUE FOR AMICABLE SETTLEMENT
• Disputes between persons actually residing in the same barangay shall be
brought for amicable settlement before the lupon of said barangay;
• Those involving actual residents of different barangays within the same
city or municipality shall be brought in the barangay where the respondent
actually resides;
• All disputes involving real property or any interest shall be brought in the
barangay where the real property or the larger portion is situated;
• Those arising at the workplace where the contending parties are employed
or at the institution where such parties are enrolled for study shall be
brought in the barangay where such workplace or institution is located.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 It refers the process whereby disputants are
persuaded by the Punong Barangay or Pangkat to
amicably settle their disputes.

MEDIATION

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 PROCEDURES IN BRGY. JUSTICE
SYSTEM
1. The Chairman shall meet with the respondent and complainant
and mediate. If he fails in his mediation within fifteen (15) days,
he shall set a date for the constitution of the Pangkat.
2. The Pangkat shall meet not later than three (3) days after their
constitution, on the date set by the Chairman, to hear both
parties.
3.   The Pangkat shall arrive at a settlement of the dispute within
fifteen (15) days from its meeting. This period may be extended
for another fifteen (15) days, at the discretion of the Pangkat.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 As stated in Section 412 of RA 7160:
“No complaint involving any matter within the authority of
the Lupon shall be filed directly in court unless there has been
a confrontation between the parties before the Chairman or
the Pangkat, and that no conciliation or settlement has been
reached as certified by the Secretary, or unless the settlement
has been repudiated by the parties.”

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 The amicable settlement shall have the force and effect of a
final judgment of a court upon the expiration of ten (10) days
from the date of settlement.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
SOCIOLOGY OF CRIMES AND ETHICS:
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND
CRIME PREVENTION

JOHN MICHAEL D. DIONISIO

 HIGHLIGHTS OF DISCUSSION
1. NATURE OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
2. THEORIES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
3. FACTORS AFFECTING JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
4. REPUBLIC ACT 9344
5. REPUBLIC ACT 9262
6. REPUBLIC ACT 9775
7. REPUBLIC ACT 7610
8. RA 8552 AND OTHER ADOPTION LAW
9. RA 9231

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
TERMS TO PONDER

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
THANK YOU! ☺

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Legal doctrine establishing court as determiner of best
environment for raising child. An alternative to the Parens
Patriae Doctrine.

BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD RULE

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Phase of delinquency proceedingITsimilar
IS SIMILAR TO COURT’Sphase of
to "sentencing"
adult trial. The judge must VERDICT,
consider alternative,
JUDGMENT innovative, and
OR DECISION
individualized sentences rather than imposing standard sentences.

DISPOSITION

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Anyone under the care of someone else. A child
ceases to be a dependent when they reach the
age of emancipation.

DEPENDENT CHILD
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
An alternative to trial decided upon at intake to refer the
child to counseling or other social services.

DIVERSION

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Independence of a minor from his or her parents before
reaching age of majority.

EMANCIPATION

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Phrase meaning "For the Proceeding" referring to adults
who look after the welfare of a child and represent their
legal interests.

GUARDIAN AD LITEM

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Teachers, administrators, and babysitters who are viewed as
having some temporary parental rights & obligations

IN LOCO PARENTIS

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Legal doctrine establishing "parental" role of state
over welfare of its citizens, especially its children. A
19th century idea first articulated in Prince v.
Massachusetts (1944).

PARENS PATRIAE

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
An activity illegal when engaged in by a minor, but not when
done by an adult. Examples include truancy, curfew, running
away, or habitually disobeying parents.

STATUS OFFENSE

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 A parent who provided an egg, sperm, or
uterus with an intent of giving the child up
for adoption to specific parties

SURROGATE PARENTS

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
DELINQUENCY
Delinquency refers to any action; course or conduct that
deviates from acts approved by the majority of people. It is a
description of those acts that do not conform to the accepted
rules, norms and mores of the society (sociological definition)

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 JUVENILE CRIME
⮚Such acts are sometimes referred to as juvenile
delinquency.
⮚Juvenile Crime, in law, term denoting various offences
committed by children or youths under the age of 18
⮚Many juvenile courts have now discarded this so-called
infancy defense and have found that delinquent acts can be
committed by children of any age.
⮚The term juvenile delinquency is used to describe a large
number of disapproved behaviors of children or youths.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
These are young people who are regarded as immature or
one whose mental as well as emotional faculties are not
fully developed thus making them incapable of taking full
responsibility of their actions.

JUVENILES

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
This period of history is sometimes known as the beginning of reason
and humanism. People began to see children as flowers, which
needed nurturing in order to bloom.

18TH CENTURY

AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
It is characterized by disobedience to, or
disrespect for, authorities

ANTI SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
PARENS PATRIAE
• the doctrine that does not consider delinquent acts as
criminal violation, thus making delinquents non-criminal
persons and cannot be found guilty of a crime and punished
like an adult criminal
• views minors who violate the laws as victims of improper
care, custody and treatment at home
• assumption by the state of the role of guardian over children
whose parents are deemed incapable or unworthy

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 THREE TYPES OF DELINQUENCY
1. environmental delinquents
characterized by occasional lawbreakers
2. emotionally maladjusted delinquents
characterized by chronic lawbreakers, a habit which this type
cannot avoid or escape from
3. psychiatric delinquents
characterized by serious emotional disturbances within the
individual and in some cases associated with tendencies towards
mental illness
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
TYPES OF DELINQUENT YOUTH

1. social
• an aggressive youth who resents authority of
anyone who makes an effort to control his
behavior
2. neurotic
• one who has internalized his conflicts and is
preoccupied with his own feelings
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
3. asocial
• one whose delinquent acts have a cold, brutal and
vicious quality for which the youth feels no remorse;
• one who lacks moral conscience
4. accidental
• one who is essentially sociable and law-abiding but
happens to be at the wrong time and place and
becomes involved in delinquent acts not typical of his
general behavior

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 APPROACHES AND
THEORIES OF CRIME

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 APPROACHES OF CRIME
THEORIES
✔SUBJECTIVE APPROACHES

✔OBJECTIVE APPROACHES

✔CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
SUBJECTIVE

1. Anthropological Approach
2. Medical Approach
3. Biological Approach
4. Physiological Approach
5. Psychological Approach
6. Psychiatric Approach
7. Psychoanalytical Approach

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 OBJECTIVE APPROACH
1. Geographic Approach
2. Ecological Approach
3. Economic Approach
4. Socio – Cultural Approach

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 CONTEMPORARY
1. ALIEN CONSPIRACY
2. ENTERPRISE THEORY
3. DETERRENCE THEORY

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
DEMONOLOGICAL THEORY
- asserts that a person
commits wrongful acts due to
the fact that he was possessed
by demons.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
THE CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

Cesare Beccaria (Cesare Bonesara

Marchese de Beccaria) with Jeremy
Bentham (1823) who proposed “Utilitarian
Hedonism”, the theory, which explains that
a person always acts in such a way as to
seek pleasure and avoid pain, became the
main advocates of the Classical School of
Criminology

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
• Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
- his contribution to classical school of
criminology is the concept of
utilitarianism and the felicific calculus.
- proposed “Utilitarian Hedonism”
which explains that person always acts
in such a way to seek pleasure and
avoid pain.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
• Utilitarianism – is a philosophy which argues
that what is right is the one that would cause the
greatest good for the greatest number of people.
• others refer to it as the greatest happiness
principle or the principle of utility.
• from this principle, Bentham formulated the
“felicific calculus”.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
• Felicific Calculus or the pleasure-and-pain
principle – is a theory that proposes that
individuals calculate the consequences of
his actions by weighing the pleasure (gain)
and the pain (suffering) he would derive
from doing the action.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
THE NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

✔That children and lunatics should not be regarded as

criminals and free from punishment.

✔It must take into account certain mitigating circumstances

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 The Positivist/Italian School (1838 – 1909)
• Cesare Lombroso and his two students,
Enrico Ferri and Rafaele Garofalo were the
primary personalities in this school of
thought.

• they argued that the most serious crimes

were committed by individuals who were
"primitive" or "atavistic"--that is, who failed
to evolve to a fully human and civilized state. 
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
• August Comte
– was a French philosopher and
sociologist and is believed to be the
one who reinvented the French term
sociologie.
- he was recognized as the “Father of
Sociology and Positivism”.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Classifications of Criminals by Lombroso
1. Born Criminals - ATAVISTIC
2. Criminal by Passion – EMOTION AND ANGER
3. Insane Criminals – PSYCHIATRIC PROBLEMS
4. Criminoloid – LACK OF SELF CONTROL
5. Occasional Criminal – PUSHED BY PROBLEMS
6. Pseudo-criminals – SELF DEFENSE

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
• Enrico Ferri (1856 – 1929)
• his interest in socialism led him to
recognize the importance of social,
economic, and political determinants.
• Raffaele Garofalo (1852 – 1934)
• he traced the roots of criminal
behavior not to physical features but to
their psychological equivalents, which
he called “moral anomalies”.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Types of Criminals by Garofalo

1. Murderers
2. Violent Criminals
3. Deficient Criminals
4. Lascivious Criminals

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
    
Classical School Positivist School
*Legal definition of crime  
  *No to legal definition
*Punishment fit the crime  
  *Punishment fit the
*Doctrine of free will criminal
  *Doctrine of determinism
*Death penalty allowed  
  *Abolition of death
*No empirical research penalty
*Definite sentence *Inductive method
 
*Indeterminate sentence
 
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
• Physiognomy – the study of facial features and their
relation to human behavior.
1. Giambiatista dela Porta
- founder of human physiognomy
- according to him criminal behavior may
be predicted based on facial features of the
person.
2. Johann Kaspar Lavater
- supported the belief of dela Porta
- he believed that a person’s character is
revealed through his facial characteristics.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
• Phrenology, Craniology or Cranioscopy – the
study of the external formation of the skull in
relation to the person’s personality and
tendencies toward criminal behavior.
1. Franz Joseph Gall
- he developed cranioscopy
2. Johann Kaspar Spurzheim
- assistant of Gall in the study of phrenology.
- he was the man most responsible for popularizing and
spreading phrenology to a wide audience
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
• Heredity – the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
1. Richard Louis Dugdale
- conducted a study of the Jukes family by
researching their family tree as far back 200 years. He
discovered that most of the ascendants of the Jukes
were criminals.
2. Henry Goddard
- he traced the descendants of the Martin Kallikak
from each of his two wives and found a distinct
difference in termsof quality of lives of descendants. He
coined the term “moron”.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
ALFRED BINET – a French psychologist who
developed the first IQ test.

- the test measured the capacity of individual

children to perform tasks or solve problems in
relation to the average capacity of their peers.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
• Gabriel Tarde
- introduced the theory of imitation which
proposes the process by which people become
criminals.
- according to this theory, individuals imitate
the behavior of other individuals based on the
degree of their association with other
individuals and it is inferior or weak who tend
to imitate the superior and strong.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
✔David Emile Durkheim
• Anomie Theory
• Crime is a natural thing

• Sigmund Freud
• Psychoanalytical Theory
• Criminal behavior is a form
neurosis, that criminality may
result from an over active
conscience.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Robert Ezra Park

• Human Ecology Theory”. Human Ecology

is the study of the interrelationship of
people and their environment
• It also maintains that the isolation,
segregation, competition, conflict, social
contract, interaction and social hierarchy
of people are the major influences of
criminal behavior and crimes

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Social Disorganization Theory
- popularized by Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay.
- according to this theory, crimes in urban areas are more
prevalent because residents have impersonal relationships
with each other.
- increase in the number of broken families and single
parenthood are also very common in disorganized
communities.
- another feature of disorganized community is poverty as
evidenced by poor living conditions such as rundown
houses, unsanitary and unsighty streets and high
unemployment rates.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Ernest Kretschmer

• who distinguished three principal types of physique

as:

✔Asthenic – lean, slightly built, narrow shoulders

✔Athletic – medium to tall, strong, muscular, course
bones
✔Pyknic – medium height, rounded figure, massive
neck, broad face
✔Dysplastic – combination of asthenic-athletic and
pyknic athletic

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Strain Theory*
- strain refers the individual’s frustration, anger
and resentment.
- holds that crime is a function of the conflict
between the goals people have and the means
they can use to legally obtain them. This also
argues that the ability to obtain these goals is
class dependent; members of the lower class are
unable to achieve these goals which come easily
to those belonging to the upper class.
Consequently, they feel anger, frustration and
resentment, referred to as STRAIN.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 William H. Sheldon
• Somatotyping Theory.
Classification of Body Physique by Sheldon
1.  Endomorphy  
2. Mesomorphy  
3. Ectomorphy  

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Edwin Sutherland

• He advocated the DAT – Differential

Association Theory
• Criminal behavior is learned.
• Crime is learned by participation with
others in verbal and non- verbal
communications.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Walter Reckless – Containment
Theory

• structure of an individual are the external

pressures such as poverty, unemployment and
blocked opportunities
• while the inner containment refers to the
person’s self control ensured by strong ego,
good self image, well developed conscience,
high frustration tolerance and high sense of
responsibility. (Adler, 1995)
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Frank Tennenbaum, Edwin Lemert,
Howard Becker

They are the advocates of the Labeling Theory – the

theory that explains about social reaction to behavior. The
theory maintains that the original cause of crime cannot
be known, no behavior is intrinsically criminal, and
behavior becomes criminal if it is labeled as such.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Charles Goring’s Theory

✔Criminal must not be permitted to have

children
✔Goring accepted that criminals are
physically inferior to normal individuals in
the sense that criminals tend to be shorter
and have less weight than non-criminals.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Adolphe Quetelet

Quetelet was a Belgian Statistician who pioneered

Cartography and the Carthographical School of
Criminology that placed emphasis on social
statistics. He discovered, basing on his research,
that crimes against persons increased during
summer and crimes against property tends to
increase during winter.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Highlights of Laws related to juvenile
delinquency

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
DEVELOPMENT OF JUVENILE JUSTICE IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. PD 603 – Child and Youth Welfare Code
2. Ra 7610 – Anti-Child Abuse Law
3. RA 6809 – law amending the age of majority
4. RA 8552 AND RA 8043 – laws on adoption
5. RA 9208 – Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act
6. RA 9231 – law amending RA 7610 on working children
7. RA 9255 – law on the use of father’s surname of illegitimate children
8. RA 9262 – Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children
9. RA 9523 – law amending the laws on adoption
10. RA 9344 - Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act
11. RA 9775 – Anti-Child Pornography Act

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
DIFFERENCE OF CHILD UNDER 9344, 7610,
9231, 9775, 603, 9262, 8552 & 8043

THE CHILD AS DEFINED BY RA 9344, PD 603, RA 9231, RA 9262 and

adoption laws ARE THOSE ONLY HAVING THE AGE OF BELOW 18.

While CHILD under RA 7610 and RA 9775 includes those children that
cannot protect themselves against abuses due to physical and
psychological handicaps or deficiencies

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
UNDER RA 9344 THE CHILD REFERING IS A
CHILD WHO COMMITTED AN OFFENSE
WHETHER UNDER RPC OR SPL’S.

WHILE CHILD REFERED BY RA 9262, 9775,

9231, 603 AND 7610 ARE CHILDREN WHO
BECAME VICTIMS OF EXPLOITATION AND
OTHER CRIMES

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Presidential Decree No. 603

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 603

 December 10, 1974
THE CHILD AND YOUTH WELFARE CODE
 

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Art. 3. Rights of the Child
✔The right to be born well
✔Right to a wholesome family
✔Right to a well-rounded development
✔right to a balanced diet, adequate clothing
✔right to be brought up in an atmosphere of morality
✔right to an education
✔right to full opportunities for safe and wholesome
recreation
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
• The right to protection against exploitation
• Right to live in a community
• Right to the care, assistance, and protection of the state

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Republic act 9344

JUVENILE JUSTICE AND WELFARE SYSTEM ACT OF

2006

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Terms to ponder

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 CHILD IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW

Refers to a child who is alleged as, accused of, or

adjudged as, having committed an offense under
Philippine laws.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Diversion
Refers to an alternative, child-appropriate process of
determining the responsibility and treatment of a child in
conflict with the law on the basis of his/her social, cultural,
economic , psychological or educational background without
resorting to formal court proceedings.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Initial Contact with-the Child

refers to the apprehension or taking into custody of a child in

conflict with the law by law enforcement officers or private
citizen.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 INTERVENTION
Refers to a series of activities which are designed to
address issues that caused the child to commit an
offense.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 DIVERSION INTERVENTION

ALTERNATIVE FOR REFORMATION AND

TRIAL AND CONVICTION REHABILITATION

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
EXEMPTION OF CICL DIVERSION
15 YEARS OLD AND 15-17 AND 364 DAYS
BELOW WHO ACTED WITH
15-17 AND 364 DAYS DISCERNMENT
WHO ACTED
WITHOUT
DISCERNMENT
“Diversion may be conducted at the Katarungang
Pambarangay, the police investigation or the inquest
or preliminary investigation stage and at all
1evels"and phases of the proceedings including
judicial level. “ CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 WHO MAY CONDUCT DIVERSION?

1. 6 YEARS AND BELOW – BARANGAY, LAW ENFORCER, LSWDO.

2. 6 YEARS AND BELOW (VICTIMLESS CRIME) – LSWDO

3. 6 YEARS AND ABOVE - COURT

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
SEC.6 Minimum age of criminal responsibility- A child fifteen (15)
years of age or under at the time of the commission of the offense
shall be exempt from criminal liability.

A child above fifteen (15) years but below eighteen (18) years of age
shall likewise be exempt from criminal liability and be subjected to
an intervention program, unless he/she has acted with discernment,
in which case, such child shall be subjected to the appropriate
proceedings in accordance with this Act.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
• The child in conflict with the law shall enjoy the presumption of
minority. He/she shall enjoy all the rights of a child in conflict with
the law until he/she is proven to be eighteen (18) years old or
older.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 HOW AGE CAN BE DETERMINED?
1. child’s birth certificate ,
2. baptismal certificate or any other pertinent documents.
3. In the absence of these documents, age may be based
on information from the child himself/herself,
testimonies of other persons, the physical appearance
of the child and other relevant evidence.
4. In case of doubt as to the age of the child, it shall be
resolved in his/her favor.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
SEC.20. Children Below the Age of Criminal Responsibility- if it has
been determined that the child taken into custody is fifteen (15) years
old or below, the authority which will have an initial contact with the
child has the duty to immediately release the child to the
custody of his/her parents or guardian, or in the absence
thereof, the child’s nearest relatives. Said authority shall give notice to
the local social welfare and development officer who will determine the
appropriate programs in consultation with the child and to the person
having custody over the child.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
The following of the statement of the child shall be conducted in the
presence of the following;

1. Childs counsel of choice or in the absence thereof, a lawyer from public

attorney`s office;
2. The child`s parents, guardian, or nearest relative, as the case may be; and
3. The local social welfare and development officer. In the absence of the
child`s parents, guardian, or nearest relative, and the local social welfare
and development officer, the investigation shall be conducted in the
presence of a representative of an NGO, religious group, or member of the
BCPC.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
SEC. 31. Knds of Diversion Programs :
At the level of the Punong Barangay.

• Restitution of property;
• Reparation of the damaged caused;
• Indemnification for consequential damages;
• Written or oral apology;
• Care, guidance and supervision orders;
• Counseling for the child in conflict with the law and the child’s family;
• Attendance in trainings, seminars and lectures on

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
• Anger management skills;
• Problem solving and/or conflict resolution skills;
• values formation; and
• Other skills which will aid the child in dealing with
situations which can lead to repetition
of the offense;
• Participation in available community-based programs,
including community service; or
• Participation in education, vocation and life skills
programs .
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
At the level of the law enforcement officer and the
prosecutor:

• Diversion programs specified under paragraphs (a)(1) to

(a)(9) herein; and
• Confiscation and forfeiture of the proceeds or instrument
of the crime;

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
At the level of the appropriate court :

• Diversion programs specified under paragraphs (a) and

(b) above;
• Written or oral reprimand or citation;
• Fine:
• Payment of the cost of the proceedings; or
• Institutional care and custody.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
SEC.58.OFFENSES NOT APPLICABLE TO CHILDREN- Persons
below eighteen (18) years of age shall be exempt from
prosecution for the crime of:

1. vagrancy and prostitution

2. mendicancy under presidential Decree No. 1563,
3. sniffing of rugby under presidential Decree No. 1619,

provided, that said persons shall undergo appropriate

counseling and treatment program.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 WHEN A CICL REACHED THE AGE OF EIGHTEEN 18
WHILE UNDER SUSPENDED SENTENCE WHAT SHALL
THE COURT DO?

1. Discharge the child in accordance with this act,

2. To order execution of sentence,
3. Or to. Extend the sentence for a certain
specified period or until the child reaches the
maximum age of twenty-one (21) years.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Republic Act 9262
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 WHAT IS R.A 9262?

⮚ It is a special law, otherwise known as Anti-

Violence
Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004
(Anti-VAWC), which penalizes as a public crime
certain acts of violence against women and their
children.

It was approved last March 08, 2004 and took

effect March 27, 2004 CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Who is the woman victim protected under this law?

• Wife
• Former wife
• A woman with whom the offender has or had a
sexual or dating relationship
• A woman with whom the offender has a
common child
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Who are the children victims protected
under this law?
• “Children” means the abused woman’s children, boy or girl, below
18 years old, whether legitimate or illegitimate or other children
who live with the woman or are under her care.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 WHO IS THE “OFFENDER”?
✔Husband
✔Former husband
✔Boyfriend
✔Ex-boyfriend
✔Live-in partner or ex-partner
✔One with whom the woman has a common child
✔One with whom the woman has/had sexual or
dating relationship
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 CAN A WOMAN BE HELD LIABLE FOR
COMMITTING VIOLATIONS OF RA
9262?
• Yes. A lesbian partner/girlfriend or ex-lesbian
partner/girlfriend can also be held liable for committing act
or a series of acts against another woman with whom the
lesbian has or had a sexual or dating relationship.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 TYPES OF V.A.W.C.
o Physical Violence – refers to any acts that include bodily or
physical harm

o Sexual Violence – refers to an act which is sexual in nature,

committed against woman or her child

o Psychological Violence - refers to an act or omissions causing

or likely to cause mental or emotional suffering of the victim

o Economic Abuse – refers to acts that make or attempt to make

a woman financially dependent
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 HOW IS “STALKING”
DEFINED?
Refers to an intentional act committed by a person
who, unknowingly and without lawful justification
follows the woman or her child or places the woman or
her child under surveillance directly or indirectly or a
combination thereof.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Dating Relationship Sexual Relationship

refers to a situation wherein refers to a single sexual act

the parties live as husband which may or may not result
and wife without the benefit in the bearing of a common
of marriage or/are child.
romantically involved over
time and on – a continuing
basis during the course of
relationship.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES vs. MARIVIC GENOSA 419
SCRA 542
(BATTERED WOMAN SYNDROME)

Battered Wife- a woman who is repeatedly

subjected to any forceful physical or psychological
behavior by a man in order to do something he wants her
to do without concern for her rights. It includes wives or
woman in any form of intimate relationship with a man.
The couple must go through the battering cycle at least
twice. CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
YCLES OF VIOLENCE IN BWS?

•Tension Building Stage- where minor battering occurs

•Acute Battering Incident- characterized by brutality, destructiveness
and death.
•Tranquil or loving phase- The batterer shows loving caring
nurture to the victim.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 How is “Protection Order”
Defined?
A protection order is an order issued under
RA 9262 for the purpose of preventing further
act of violence against a woman or a child
specified in Section 5 of the law and granting
other necessary relief.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
What are the Protection Orders that may be
issued under RA 9262?

• Barangay Protection Order (BPO), issued by Punong Barangay or

in the absence, any available Barangay Kagawad. It is effective
within 15 days.
• Temporary Protection Order (TPO), issued by the court and is
effective within thirty (30) days.
• Permanent Protection Order (PPO), issued by the court after
notice and hearing.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 RA 9775
ANTI CHILD PORNOGRAPHY

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Pornography
• is the depiction of explicit
sexual subject matter for
sexually exciting the
viewer.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Sub Genres of Pornography

Softcore Hardcore
• Refers to • Pornography that
pornography that depicts penetration
does not depict explicitly
penetration

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
CONTRACT SIGNING REQ.
THE CONTRACT MUST BE SIGNED BY:

1. PARENTS
2. WORKING CHILD (OPTONAL)
3. DOLE
4. EMPLOYER

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 SALARY OF A WORKING CHILD

1. MINIMUM OF 80 PERCENT WILL BE FOR THE WORKING CHILD

2. MAXIMUM OF 20 PERCENT WILL BE FOR THE PARENTS
3. MINIMUM OF 30 PERCENT WILL BE ALLOTED TO A TRUST FUND
FOR THE CHILD

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
SAMPLE PROBLEM
RHYZZA MAE A 5 YEAR OLD ACTRESS IS EARNING 70,000
PESOS PER MONTH. APPLYING THE RULE SPECIFIED BY RA
9231, IF 85% WILL BE FOR THE CHILD, 15 % FOR THE FAMILY,
HOW MUCH WILL BE GIVEN TO THE CHILD, TO THE PARENTS
AND TO THE TRUST FUND?

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
JOBS NOT APPLICABLE TO CHILDREN
1. DANGEROUS TO THE SAFETY, MORAL, EMOTIONAL WELL BEING OF
A CHILD
2. UNDERGROUND, UNDERWATER, HIGH ALTITUDE
3. TOXIC OR POISONOUS JOBS
4. CANNOT BE A MODEL OF ADVERTISEMENTS ABOUT LIQUOR,
TOBACCO, INTOXICATING DRINKS, PORNOGRAPHY, LUDENESS,
SEXUAL ENHANCERS ETC.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 RA 8552
DOMESTIC ADOPTION LAW OF 1998

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
WHO MAY ADOPT?
1. FILIPINO CITIZEN OF LEGAL AGE
• GOOD MORAL CHARACTER
• NO CRIMINAL RECORDS
• ATLEAST 16 YEARS OLDER THAN THE ADOPTEE (EXCEPT OF BIOLOGICALLY
RELATED)

2. AN ALIEN OF LEGAL AGE

• GOOD MORAL CHARACTER
• NO CRIMINAL RECORDS
• RESIDENCE OF THE PHILIPPINES FOR AT LEAST 3 CONSECUTIVE YEARS
• DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
WHO MAY BE ADOPTED?
1. CHILDREN BELOW 18 YEARS OLD, AVAILBLE FOR ADOPTION
2. LEGITIMATE SON. DAUGHTER OF A SPOUSE
3. ILLEGITIMATE CHILD TO IMPROVE LEGITIMACY
4. LONG TIME TREATED CHILD SINCE MINORITY EVEN ADULT
5. THE BIOLOGICAL PARENTS DIED (6 MONTHS RULE)

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
WHOSE CONSENT ARE NEEDED?

1. CHILD IF 10 YEARS OLD ABOVE

2. BIOLOGICAL PARENTS (IF KNOWN), GUARDIAN, GOVERNEMT
3. CHILD OF THE ADOPTER AND ADOPTEE IF 10 YEARS OLD ABOVE
4. THE OTHER SPOUSE

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 SUPERVISED TRIAL CUSTODY
• TRIAL CUSTODY FOR AT LEAST SIX (6) MONTHS
• TEMPORARY PARENTAL AUTHORITY

• AFTER THE MINIMUM OF 6 MONTHS – DECREE OF

ADOPTION WILL BE RELEASED

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 RECISSION OF ADOPTION
GROUNDS:

1. PHYSICAL ABUSE, PSYCHOLOGICAL, EMOTIONAL AND

SEXUAL
2. ATTEMTED MURDER AND ANY OTHER KILLINGS
3. ABANDONMENT
4. NEGLECT

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 RA 8043
The Inter-­Country Adoption Act of 1995
Sec. 8. Who May be Adopted. — Only a legally free child may be the subject of
inter-country adoption. In order that such child may be considered for placement,
the following documents must be submitted to the Board:

•     (a)Child study;

•     (b)Birth certificate/foundling certificate;
•     (c)Deed of voluntary commitment/decree of abandonment/death
certificate of parents;
•     (d)Medical evaluation /history;
•     (e)Psychological evaluation, as necessary; and
•     (f)Recent photo of the child

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
WHO MAY ADOPT?
• (a) is at least twenty-seven (27) years of age and at
least sixteen (16) years older than the child to be
adopted, at the time of application unless the
adopter is the parent by nature of the child to be
adopted or the spouse of such parent:
•   (b) if married, his/her spouse must jointly file for
the adoption;

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Sample Problem
Mr. Osama Ben Tulfo an Afghan National wants to
adopt a Filipino 17 year-old child and bring the latter to
Afghanistan. According to RA 8043, what must be the
allowable age for Mr. Tulfo to adopt a the said Filipino
child?

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
THANK YOU!

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Police ethics & values
WITH POLICE COMMUNITY RELATION
A normative science of the conduct of human
being living in a society. They are rules of
conduct.

ETHICS

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
❑ Ethics
•  Study and philosophy of human conduct, emphasizing
the determination of right and wrong or to the basic
principles of right action.
•  Study and analysis of what constitutes good or bad
conduct.
•  It may refer to accepted personality of a man.

•*** Ethic and Ethics were coined from the Latin word
“ethicus” or Greek word “ethikos” and “ethos” which mean
“character”.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
A practical science that treats the principles of human
morality and duty as applied to law enforcement

POLICE ETHICS

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
❑Conscience
• The ability to recognize right from
wrong and to follow one’s own sense of
what if right.
•  An innate moral sense; people may
either be born with it or not.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
❑Intuition
•  Instinctive knowledge which is the state of
being aware of or knowing something
without having to discover or perceive it, or
ability to do this; or the instinctive belief which is
something known or believed instinctively,
without evidence for it.
• Natural ability of man to perceive and
understand things around him.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
❑ Moral
• Came from the Latin word “moralis” or “moris” which means
custom or manners.
• Practice of “Ethics” where it involves comprehension of morality
and the
• capacity to put into practice.
❑ Ethical
•  Connotes condition in accordance with right principles as
defined by a given system of ethics or professional conduct.
❑ Personal Ethics
•  Comprehends how one should act in relation to oneself
❑ Social Ethics
•  How one should act to others.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 A habit of doing
ViceA -habit that
A habit of inclines person to or
good actethical
in a way that
doing bad orharmonizes with his nature.
unethical

VIRTUE

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 FILIPINO VIRTUES
 Fear of the Lord (Pagkatakot sa Diyos)  Love to learn new things
 Recognition of the Divine Being as source  Love for Country or Patriotism (Pagmamahal
of everything in world which translates sa Bayan)
into respect for fellow Filipinos for nature.
 Responsible Citizenship (Mabuting
 Faith (Pananalig) Mamamayan)
 That the Divine Being watches over each  Courage (Lakas or TIbay ng Loob)
and every one of us.
 Industry/Hardworking (Masipag or
 Close Family Ties (Makapamilya) Kasipagan)
 Community Spirit (Bayanihan)  Nurturing (Mapag-alaga or mapag-aruga)
 Solidarity (Pakikibaka)  Faithfulness (Katapatan)
 Unity in fighting poverty, injustice and  Joyful (Masayahin)
inequality
 Flexibility or Adaptability (Marunong
 Love for Others/Fellowmen Makisama)
(Pakikipagkapwa/Pakikisama)
 Creativity or Ingenuity (Marunong Gumawa
 Knowledge (Karunungan) ng Paraan) CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Weakness of the Filipino Values
• Extreme Personalism
• Extreme Family Centeredness
• Lack of Discipline
• Ningas Cogon (procrastination)
• Bahala na Attitude (come what may)
• Diyos na Bahala (surrendering to God)
• Pakikisama (for the seek of harmony)
• Kumpadre-system (friends first)
• Passivity and Lack of Initiative
• Colonial Mentality
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
A conceptual policy laid down for observance of all law
enforcement personnel to exercise utmost restraint
and self-control in the performance of their official
functions.

MAXIMUM TOLERANCE
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 An act of a member of the PNP pursuing or
following any calling or occupation, or the act of
engaging in any business, which includes but not
limited to all activities, jobs, work and similar
functions, performed, engaged in or undertaken by
him, in or off duty hours with or without
compensation, which is inconsistent or
incompatible with the PNP duties and/or
functions.

MOONLIGHTING
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
  
Command
-. Responsibility Command
  Responsibility
- It is an authority a The obligation to The doctrine the
person lawfully perform duties impose
exercises over and functions and commensurate
subordinates by to the accountability to
virtue of his rank or consequences of the one who is
assignment or activities under vested with
position. one’s command authority to
exercise
management
leadership
functions.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 FOUR (4) CARDINAL VIRTUES
1. Prudence
2. Temperance
3. Fortitude
4. Justice

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
1. Prudence- An ability to govern and discipline oneself be means of
reason and sound judgment.
2. Temperance- An ability to moderate or avoid something. It is a
virtue that regulates the carnal appetite for sensual pleasure
3. Fortitude- Firmness of mind. It is the courage to endure without
yielding. A virtue that incites courage. It is exercise by means of:

a) Patience- calmness and composure in enduring something;

b) Perseverance- the ability to go on despite of the obstacles and
opposition; and
c) Endurance- it is the ability to last.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
4. Justice- The virtue that inclines the will to give to each one
of his rights. There are three (3) division of justice, to wit:

a) Commutative- virtue that regulates those actions that

involve the rights that exist between one another;
b) Distributive- it regulates those actions that involve the
rights that an individual may claim form society; and
c) Legal- virtue that regulates those actions which society
may justly require to the individual for the common good.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Civil and Political Rights
1. Civil Rights are those which Political Rights are those which
an individual enjoys in his an individual enjoys participating
private activities, or in his in government affairs. These
transactions with others, include the right of speech and
protected and granted by law. free press, the right to form
2. these include the right associations, right to assemble
privacy, the right to travel and to petition the government
or change residence, the for redress of grievances, the
right t property, the right to right to vote and be voted upon
worship, and the right to free to public office.
access to a court of justice.   
 The following are the professional police
principles:

1. Prevention of crime and disorder.

2. Cooperation of the community.
3. Unreasonable force reduces community cooperation.
4. Use of reasonable force when persuasion is not
sufficient.
5. Impartial enforcement of laws.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Cont..
6. The community are the police.
7. Police should not usurp judicial powers
8. Rules of engagement impartially observed
9. Reduction of crime and dishonor
10. Police discretion

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 3 TYPES OF FEASANCES
MISFEASANCE IMPROPER
PERFORMANCE OF AN
ACT

NON-FEASANCE NON PERFORMANCE

MAL FEASANCE PERFORMANCE OF
ACT NOT TO BE DONE

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Is the manifest lack of adequate ability and fitness for the
satisfactory performance of police duties. This has reference
to any physical intellectual quality the lack which
substantially incapacitates one to perform the duties of
peace officer.

INCOMPETENCE

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
• Republic Act 6713- Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards
for Public Officials and Employees
• Republic Act 3019- Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act
• Republic Act 6975- DILG Law of 1991 as Amended
• RA 7080 – Anti Plunder Law
• RA 9160 – ANTI MONEY LAUNDERING ACT
• PNP COPSES – CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND
ETHICAL STANDARDS
• RA9485-Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007, etc.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Making it punishable for public officials
and employees to receive, and for
private persons to give gifts on any
occasions, including Christmas, Nov.
10, 1972

PD 46

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 It is the transfer of title or disposal of interest in
property by voluntarily, completely and actually
depriving or dispossessing oneself of his right or title to
it in favor of a person or persons other than his spouse
and relatives as defined in this Act.

DIVESTMENT
 Statement of Assets, Liabilities and Net Worth
WHEN- within thirty days after the approval of this Act or after assuming office, and within
the month of January of every other year thereafter, as well as upon the expiration of his
term of office, or upon his resignation or separation from office,

WHERE - file with the office of the corresponding Department Head, or in the case of a
Head of Department or chief of an independent office, with the Office of the President, or
in the case of members of the Congress and the officials and employees thereof, with the
Office of the Secretary of the corresponding House,

WHAT- true detailed and sworn statement of assets and liabilities, including a statement
of the amounts and sources of his income, the amounts of his personal and family
expenses and the amount of income taxes paid for the next preceding calendar year:
Provided, That public officers assuming office less than two months before the end of the
calendar year, may file their first statements in the following months of January.
 Police Corruption
Negotiable graft

It is the mutual bargaining behavior engaged in

between officers and criminals.

Extortion

It is the practice of solicitation of money or favors

by officers in return for ignoring violations of law.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Police Corruption
Acceptance of petty bribes

It happens most of the time in the roads.

Taking kickbacks and similar rewards

It is the money or something of value given to the officer

by a “business” in exchange for consideration.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Police Corruption
Opportunistic theft

This is a theft that arises naturally out of the performance

of an officer’s routine duties.

Taking bribes from other officers

It is the falsification of attendance records, influence

vacations and day offs, and reports them present even if they
are not.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Gratuities – are material favors or gifts in return for service; the universal code of ethics for
law enforcers disapproves gratuities.
 
The lingo pasasalamat" "Padulas" and "pabagsak" are commonly used term for gratuities.
 
→"Pasasalamat" refers to the acceptance of gifts, money or favor as a result of an act
performed by a police officer or public servant.
 
→""Pabagsak" is used to denote the giving of money or favor and acceptance of any public to
perform his or her functions.
 
→""Padulas" refers to the taking of money, gifts or favors from others by a public servant to
expedite the performance of official functions.
 
These are police officers who actively seek out
corruption opportunities and engaged in both
minor and major patterns of corruption

Carnivorous Cops
 CORRUPT POLICE UNIT 
1. White Knights- These policemen are straightforward fellow.
 2. Straight Shooters- These are honest policemen who are ready to
hide the corrupt practices of their comrades as part of camaraderie.
 3. Grass Eaters or Vegetarian Cops –are police officers who engage in
relatively minor type of corruption opportunities as they present
themselves.
 4. Meat Eaters or Carnivorous Cops- are police officers who actively
seek out corruption opportunities and engaged in both minor and
major patterns of corruption.
5. Rogues – are policemen who are considered having all the deviant
behaviors of a corrupt policemen.
The most insidious cause of deteriorating
values in the police force

We have bad cops

because good cops
protect them.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Police Officers Creed
(Sec. 2, Chap. II)

1. I believe in God, The Supreme Being, A Great Provider, and

the Creator of all men and everything dear to me
2. I believe that respect for authority is a duty.
3. I believe in selfless love and service to people.
4. I believe in the sanctity of marriage and respect for women.
5. I believe in the responsible dominion and stewardship over
material things.
6. I believe in the wisdom of truthfulness.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 PNP CORE VALUES POSSESS THE
FOLLOWING VIRTUES
1. Honor
2. Integrity
3. Valor
4. Justice
5. Honesty
6. Humility
7. Charity
8. Loyalty to the service

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Police Lying
1. Accepted Lying- lying as a deceptive ploy is allowed
and is advisable.
2. Tolerated Lying –are those that are recognized as lies
but tolerated as necessary to explain inadequacy or
inefficiency of the police organization.
3. Deviant Lying- this involves lies that violate
substantive or procedural laws and police office rules
and regulations.
PNP members must have moral courage to sacrifice
self-interest.

DELICADEZA

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
✔Police Lifestyle
Police Officer must be free from greed, corruption and exploitation. The public
expects a police officer to live a simple, credible and dignified life.
✔ Political Patronage
All PNP members must inhibit himself soliciting political patronage on matters
pertaining to assignment, awards, trainings and promotion.
✔ Human Rights
All PNP members must respect and protect human dignity and man’s inalienable
rights to life, liberty and property.
✔ Setting Example
All PNP members shall set good example to their subordinates and follow good
example from their superiors.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Philippine
Constabualr
y, the first the Great
National Filipino hero
Police, Act. of Mactan.
No. 175, Symbolizes
16
July leaves bravery
flowering,
maturing and
which
18, 1901 Luzon,
ultimate
symbolizes Visayas and
realization of the
the 16 glorious evolution
Mindanao
of the PC/INP into
regional a National Police
commands Organization

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
MONKEYLAUREL
8EATING
RAYS EAGLE-
3 START WHO
8 PROVINCES
EXCELLENCE,
SYMBOLIZES
LUZVIMIN
REVOLTED
COMPETENCE,
AGAINST
PROTECTION
BRILLIANCE
SPAIN

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards
(Sec. 1-3, Chap. III)

Standard of Police Professionalism- All PNP members shall perform

their duties with excellence, competence, integrity, intelligence and
expertise in the application of specialized skill and technical knowledge

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 POLICE PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
⮚Commitment to Democracy
⮚uphold the Constitution at all times and be loyal to the country, people and the
organization.
⮚Commitment to Public Interest
⮚They shall use public resources and properties economically
⮚Non- Partisanship
⮚PNP members shall provide services to everyone without discrimination.
⮚Physical Fitness and Health
⮚Secrecy Discipline
⮚confidentiality of classified information
⮚Social Awareness
⮚immediate family members shall be encouraged to actively get involved in the
religious, social and civic activities
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
✔Non-Solicitation of Patronage
shall not directly or indirectly solicit influence or recommendation
from politician, government officials,
✔Respect for Human Rights
✔Devotion to Duty
✔Conservation of Natural Resources
✔Discipline
keeping with the rules and regulations of the organization.
✔Loyalty
loyal to the Constitution

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Police Customs and Traditions

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
✔Customs- established usage or social practices carried on by
tradition that have obtained the force of law.
✔ Traditions- bodies of belief , stories , and customs usages
banded prom the generationSomething that is done
to generation withregularly by of
the effect
unwritten law. a person
Habitual usages
✔Courtesy- a manifestation or expression of consideration and
respect for others. Correct or proper behavior that
✔ Ceremony- a formal acts establishedshowsby customs
good mannersor authority as
proper to special occasion.
✔ Social Decorum- a set of norms or standard practiced by
members during social and other Inherited customs
functions.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Police Customs on Courtesy
1. Salute- the usual greeting rendered by uniformed members upon
meeting and recognizing person entitled to salute.
2.  Salute to the National Color and Standard- members stand at
attention and salute the national color and standard as it pass by
them or lowered during ceremonies.
3.  Address/Title- junior in rank address senior members who are
entitled to salute with word “Sir”

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 POLICE CUSTOMS AND COURTESY CALLS

1. Courtesy Call of Newly Assigned/ Appointed Members -

2. Christmas Call
3. New Year’s Call
4. Promotion Call
5. Exit Call
6. Courtesy of the Post

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Police Customs on Ceremonies
1. Flag Raising Ceremony
2. Flag Retreat Ceremony
3. Half-Mast
4. Funeral Service and Honors
5. Ceremonies Tendered to Retirees
6. Honor of Ceremony
7. Turn-over Ceremony
8. Wedding Ceremonies
9. Anniversary

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Police Customs on Social Decorum
1. Proper Attire
2. Table Manners
3. Social Graces
4. Manner of Walking

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
PNP members gathered together at their PNP club for
light hearted jesting or airing of minor gripes. This
tradition is known as HAPPY HOURS that is done every
what day?

FRIDAY

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 the binding spirit that enhances the teamwork and
cooperation in the police organization, extending to the
people they serve, is manifested by the PNP members’
deep commitment and concern to one another.

CAMARADERIE

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Police Officers’ Pledge
1. I will love and serve God, my country and people;
2. I will uphold the Constitution and obey legal orders of the duly
constituted authorities;
3. I will oblige myself to maintain a high standard of morality and
professionalism;
4. I will respect the customs and traditions of the police service; and
5. I will live a decent and virtuous life to serve as an example to
others.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
POLICE COMMUNITY
RELATIONS (PCR)

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 COMMUNITY

Refers to the civilian populace or the public in general,

and shall be used interchangeably with the terms, public,
citizenry, society and private sectors.

Derived from the Latin word “communis” which means

“common” and “tatis” which means “fellowship”.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
HUMAN RELATIONS POLICE-COMMUNITY PUBLIC RELATIONS POLICE PUBLIC
RELATIONS RELATIONS

Consists of the The sum total of the The act of bringing The continuing
fundamental rules dealings between about better process by which
both moral and the police and the understanding, endeavors are made
legal, which govern people it serves, and confidence and to obtain the
the relationship of whose goodwill and acceptance for an goodwill and
men in all aspects of cooperation it individual or an cooperation of the
life. craves, for the organization. public for effective
greatest possible enforcement of the
efficiency in the law and
service. accomplishment of
the police purposes.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
❑MEDIA/MASS MEDIA
❑The channels through which information is
disseminated to the public.
❑May be in form of television, movies, radio or
newspaper, and the like.
❑ PROPAGANDA
❑The planned use of mass communication for public
purposes.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 OBJECTIVES OF POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS
• To maintain and develop the goodwill and confidence of the community for the
police;
• To obtain cooperation and assistance;
• To develop public understanding and support, and appreciation for the service of
the police;
• To create broader understanding and sympathy with the problems and needs of the
police;
• To facilitate law enforcement and compliance;
• To build public opinion in favor of the police; and
• To achieve the police purposes of preserving the peace, protection of life and
property, and the prevention of crime.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Conducted during certain times of the year such
as police week, or law observance week, public
tours of facility

OPEN HOUSE
 Categories of Individual Public Relations
1. Domestic Relations- Police Officer’s dealing with his family, parents and
immediate relatives.
2. Neighborhood Relations- Police Officer’s dealing with his neighbors.
3. Community Relations- Police Officers’ dealing with citizens of the
community, city or town where he lives, and his membership or
contribution to the civic organization or community associations in the
locality.
4. Church Relations- Police Officer’s dealings with the religious congregation
or faith where he belongs.
5. Government Relations- Police Officer’s dealings with the government and
its instrumentalities.
Criminological Research and
Statistics

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 RESEARCH
 It is a systematic and refined technique of thinking,
employing specialized tools, instruments, and procedures in
order to obtain a more adequate solution to a problem
than would be possible.
 Is a human activity based on intellectual investigation
and aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising
human knowledge on different aspects of the world.
 A scientific investigation of phenomena which
includes collection, presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of facts that links man’s speculation with
reality” CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 RESEARCH PAPER
1. ACADEMIC PAPER (also called scholarly paper), which is
published in academic journals and contains original research
results or reviews existing results or show a totally new
invention
2. POSITION PAPER, an essay that represents the author's
opinion
3. TERM PAPER, written by high school or college students
4. THESIS OR DISSERTATION, a document submitted in support
of a candidature for a degree or professional qualification,
presenting the author's research and findings
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
QUALITIES OF A GOOD RESEARCHER
1. Communication skills
2. Independence & Critical thinking Skills
3. Intellectual skills
4. Organizational skills
5. Information Technology skills

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH-
QUALITY RESEARCH
1.ANALYTICAL – Utilizes proven analytical procedures in
data- gathering, whether historical, descritptive,
experimental, or any alternative research methods
2.CRITICAL – exhibits careful and precise judgment
3.CONTROLLED – the degree to which the observation
are controlled and alternative explanations outcomes
are ruled out
4.CYCLICAL – starts with a problem and ends with a
problem
5.EMPIRICAL – based on experiences or observation by the
researcher CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
6. INQUIRY- the “WHY” of the research, focused on the
need to investigate and search for truth and
knowledge, which separates research from everyday ways
of learning
7.LOGICAL – based on valid procedures and principles
8.PROBLEM-SOLVING – finding out the answer to the
problem raised and addressing the objectives
formulated

9.REPLICABILILITY –research designs and procedures are

replicated to enable researcher arrive at valid
and conclusive results
10.SYSTEMATIC – step by step procedure

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Types of research as to purpose
1. Basic or Pure – is driven by a scientist's curiosity or interest in a scientific
question. The main motivation is to expand knowledge, not to create or
invent something
2. Applied – is designed to solve practical problems of the contemporary
world, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge's sake. One might
say that the goal of the applied research is to come up with solutions,
processes, and products that will improve our way of life.
3. Action –is done by systematically collecting data on your everyday practice
and analyzing it in order to come to some decisions about what your future
practice should be.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
TYPES OF RESEARCH AS TO approach
1. Qualitative – describes phenomena in words instead of numbers
or measures. (From fact to theory)
2. Quantitative – methods such as surveys and experiments that
record variation in social life in terms of categories that vary in
amount. Data that are treated as quantitative are either numbers
or attributes that can be ordered in terms of magnitude. (Ex:
Measurement of Crime Commission)

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 TYPES OF RESEARCH ACCORDING
TO OBJECTIVE
Basic Evaluative Creative Action Applied

To develop To guide To develop To solve a To test the

or revise decision- products problem in a usefulness
theories makers limited of a theory
setting or theories

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 METHODS OF RESEARCH
1. Historical Research – accumulation of facts in relation to a
particular time sequence to determine whether events in
history actually happen. It gathers documentary evidence.
2. Descriptive Research – attempts to define and describe the
social phenomena under investigation
3. Experimental Research – following the sequence required in
pursuant to a scientific study thru experiment.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Other methods of research
1. Exploratory research seeks to identify the underlying
meaning behind actions and individual behavior.
2. Explanatory research seeks to identify the cause-(s) and
effect(s) of social phenomena.
3. Evaluation research seeks to determine the effects of an
intervention on individual behavior.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Classification of research by method
1. Qualitative Approach
a. Descriptive Method
b. Survey
c. Developmental Research Method
d. Correlational Research Method
e. Causal-Comparative Research
f. Experimental Research Method
2. Quantitative Approach
a. Case Study
b. Ethnographic Research
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Steps in Scientific Method of Research
(Sequential)
• 1. Determining (recognizing) the problem
• 2. Forming a hypothesis
• 3. Doing the library search
• 4. Designing the study
• 5. Developing the instruments for collecting data
• 6. Collecting the date
• 7. Analyzing the data
• 8. Determining implications and conclusions from the findings
• 9. Making recommendations for further research.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
The research process

TOPIC AND METHODOLOGY DATA

PROBLEM COLLECTION
Research
Variable, Design DATA
Hypothesis Sources of Info PROCESSING
Framework Data Collection
Definitions, Techniques REPORT
Significance, Statistical GENERATION
Literature

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 STANDARD FORMAT OF THESIS
WRITING
1. The Problem and the Setting
2. Related Literature and Studies
3. Methods of Research and Procedures
4. Analysis, Presentation, and Interpretation of Data
5. Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Attributes of Good Research Problem

S = Specific – specifically stated

M = Measurable – easy to measure by using research instrument in
collection of data
A = Achievable – data are achievable using correct statistical
treatment/techniques to arrive at precise results
R = Realistic – real results are not manipulated
T = Time-bound – time frame is required in every activity because the
shorter completion of the activity the better
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Capsulizing Research Problem into Title
1. It should clearly and specifically stated
2. Variables investigated should by all means be written as part of
the title
3. Relationship between and among variables should be indicated
4. Target population should be indicated in the title to achieve
specificity
5. It should have a maximum of twenty substantive words.
6. Function words should not be placed at the end of each line
7. Title must take the form of an inverted pyramid
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
It is an act of incorporating into one’s
work the work of another without
indicating the source

PLAGIARISM

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 PLAGIARISM
= the unacknowledged used of somebody else’s words
or ideas
= an act wherein the writer uses passages, ideas,
writings, and statements of others without giving due
credit

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Theoretical Framework
• Theoretical framework is the foundation of the
study.
• The theory should have a relationship with the
issues posted in the study

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Conceptual Framework

= an illustration of how research problems are generated

from the theoretical framework of the study
= it may be some sort of modification of the theoretical
framework or personally conceptualized by the
researcher

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTNG

Introduction
Presents the problem. What the problem is all about
Rational or reasons for conducting the study
Setting of the Study
Locality of the study. Place where the study is to be
conducted

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
• Theoretical / Conceptual Framework
• Theoretical / conceptual foundation of the study
• Statement of the Problem
• General and specific statement of the problem determined in the study
• Assumption or Hypothesis
• Self-evident truth based upon known fact or phenomenon (Assumption)
• Tentative conclusion or answer to specific questions (Hypothesis)
• Significance of the Study
• Contribution of the result of the study to individuals, institutions,
administrators, society, etc…
• Scope and Limitation of the Study
• Boundaries in terms of time, sample, location (Scope)
• Weakness of the study beyond the control of the researcher (Limitation)
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Definition of Terms
It can be lexical or operational definition or a combination
thereof of different terms used in the study which are
arranged alphabetically

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
✔Foreign Literature
✔Published articles from foreign countries
✔Local Literature
✔Locally published articles
✔Foreign Studies
✔Foreign unpublished articles
✔Local Studies
✔Locally unpublished articles
✔ Synthesis
✔Relevance of literature and studies to the present research

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES
✔Research Method
✔Brief description and justification of the research method used in
the study
✔Population and Sampling Scheme
✔Brief presentation of the entire population of the study and the
type of sampling techniques used in selecting sample respondents
✔Description of the Respondents
✔Contains detailed description of the respondents as to age, sex,
marital status, nature of employment, etc…
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
❑Research Instrument
❑Explanation on how the instrument used in gathering data was
develop as well as its detailed description.
❑Validation of Instrument
❑States brief discussion on how the instrument was validated
❑Instrument is tested on individuals who are knowledgeable of
the subject matter but are not part of the respondents of the
study
❑Procedures in Gathering Data
❑Contains the step by step procedures used by the researcher in
reaching the respondents in order to gather data
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
• Statistical Treatment
• Contains discussion on the statistics used in consonance
with the specific problem and hypothesis to be tested

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
• Contains the answers to all the sub-problems of the
study
• Answers to the problems are stated one by one
according to the arrangement of sub-problems for
clarity and understanding
• Answers are presented in textual and tabular forms.
Textual explanations come after the tables

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
▪ Conclusions
▪ Written in present tense
▪ Should be based on the findings of the study
▪ Logical and valid outgrowth of the findings
▪ Should not contain any numerals from the findings
▪ Organized and categorized according to the sub-problems
▪  Recommendations
▪ An appeal to people or institutions concerned to solve the problems discovered
in the study
▪ No recommendations that will be made for problems that were not discovered in
the study
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
This portion contains a brief summary of what is
included in the research. It must be concise yet
accurate as only the pertinent points in the
manuscript are included.

ABSTRACT

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 Acknowledges those whom writer/s think have
contributed to the work. Always uses the third person
point of view when referring to the writer. Mentions
the name, and how this person have helped; followed
by the next person, and so on.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
 CRIME STATISTICS
• refers to the measure of the level or amount of crimes.

• compilation of data pertaining to crimes

• the measure of the level or amount of crimes

• it uses the terms index crimes and non-index crimes in classifying
crimes.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
INDEX CRIMES

- crimes which are sufficiently significant and which occur

with sufficient regularity to be meaningful, such as
MURDER, HOMICIDE, PHYSICAL INJURY, ROBBERY, THEFT
AND RAPE

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
NON-INDEX CRIMES
- crimes that are not classified as index crimes

- all other crimes not enumerated as index crimes

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
STATISTICAL FORMULA:
1. Crime Solution Efficiency (CSE) – percentage of
  solved cases out of the total number of reported
crime incidents handled by the police for a given
period of time. It is a general measure of law
enforcement agency’s investigative capability or
efficiency.
2. Crime Rate – the number of incidents in a given
 
period of time for every 100, 000 inhabitants of an
area/place.
CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
EXAMPLE:

If the population in municipality A is 195,

000 and the crime volume is 2, 540, what is
the crime rate?
a. 1230.6 c. 1465.2
b. 1302.6 d. 1203.5

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
3. Average Monthly Crime Rate (AMCR) – the
average number of crime incidents occurred
per month for every 100, 000 inhabitants in a
certain area.

4. Variance
 
(or % change) – one way of
analyzing crime trends. It measures the
percentage change over a given period of time.

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER
Ex. Murder cases numbered 180 in
2010 and 220 in 2011. What was
the percent increase?

a. + 22.2% c. + 20.2%
b. + 22.0% d. + 20.1%
5. Crime Analysis
 a. Percentage Share of Crime Volume of a Certain Area
Ex. If Metro Manila accounts for 26% of the national
total crime volume of 84, 875, how many crimes were
reported
  to the police?
a. 20, 250 c. 32, 644
b. 22, 068 d. 22, 858
 Thank you sir/ma’am!!!
PROF. JOHN MICHAEL DOON DIONISIO
REGISTERED CRIMINOLOGIST
6th PLACER OCTOBER 2014 CRIMINOLOGISTS LICENSURE
EXAMINATION
SPECIAL LAW, CIVIL SERVICE ILIGIBLE
OLFU CL 2014 BS CRIM CUMLAUDE
INSTRUCTOR, BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRO REVIEW
CENTER