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Unit I D

Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist who was the first to apply scientific research methods to the study of sociology. He emphasized how social facts exert external constraints on individuals. Durkheim analyzed different types of solidarity and suicide, arguing that suicide rates are influenced by social integration and regulation. Max Weber was a German sociologist interested in interpretive understanding of social action. He saw ideas and values as important forces for social change alongside economic factors. Weber argued Protestant values encouraged the development of capitalism through their emphasis on hard work and thrift.

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51 views12 pages

Unit I D

Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist who was the first to apply scientific research methods to the study of sociology. He emphasized how social facts exert external constraints on individuals. Durkheim analyzed different types of solidarity and suicide, arguing that suicide rates are influenced by social integration and regulation. Max Weber was a German sociologist interested in interpretive understanding of social action. He saw ideas and values as important forces for social change alongside economic factors. Weber argued Protestant values encouraged the development of capitalism through their emphasis on hard work and thrift.

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Fatimah Earhart
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Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)

• French sociologist
• First person to apply research methods in sociology
in his study of suicide
• His famous principle of sociology was study “ social
facts as things”
• Social facts are the way of acting, thinking or feeling
that are external to individual and exert an external “
constraint” or pressure on him. For eg. Committing
suicide is not an individual phenomenon but it is
purely a social phenomenon.
• He emphasized on the solidarity that holds society
together and keeps it from descending into chaos.
• In his first major work, “ The Division of Labor in
Society” , Durkheim presented an analysis of social
change that argued the advent of industrial era meant
the emergence of a new type of solidarity.
• Two types of solidarity:
i. Mechanical solidarity
ii. Organic solidarity
i. Mechanical solidarity:
• Traditional culture with low division of labor
• Most members of society are involved in similar
occupations
• They are bound together by common experience and
shared belief
• The community punishes anyone who challenges
conventional ways of life.
ii. Organic solidarity:
• Specialization of tasks and the increasing social
differentiation in advanced societies lead to the new
order featuring organic solidarity.
• Such societies are held together by people’s
economic interdependence and each one recognize
the importance the contribution of other’s.
Types of suicide :
a. Egoistic
b. Altruistic
c. Anomic
d. Fatalistic
a. Egoistic :
• Marked by low integration in society
• Occur when an individual is isolated or when his or
her ties to a group are weakened.
• Eg. More protestants than Catholics, more single
person than married.
b. Altruistic Suicide:
• Occurs when an individual is “ over- integrated” to
society i.e social bonds are too strong – and values
society more than him or herself
• Eg. Islamic suicide bombers
c. Anomic:
• Caused by lack of social regulation
• Anomie refers to the social conditions when people are
rendered “ normless” as a result of rapid change or
instability in society.
• Eg. Suicide in the time of economic upheavel.
d. Fatalistic suicide:
• Occurs when an individual is over- regulated by society.
• The oppression of the individual results in a feeling of
powerlessness before fate or society.
• Eg. The classical example of slave who takes his own life
because of his hopelessness associated with the oppressive
regulation.
Major publications:
• The Division of Labour in Society
• The Rules of Sociological Methods
• Suicide
• The Elementary Forms of Republic Life
Max Weber ( 1864-1920)
• German Sociologist
• Much of his work was concerned with the
development of modern capitalism
• Defined sociology as “ a science which attempts the
interpretive understanding of social action in order
thereby to arrive at a causal explanation of its cause
and effects.
• Weber was primarily interested in the subjective
meaning of action or the meaning actors give to their
own actions.
• Weber introduced a key methodological concept
called the method of understanding (verstehen) . He
has perceived it as an advantage of social science
over natural science.
• Criticized Marx and saw class conflict as less
significant than did Marx.
• Weber’s argue that economic factors are important ,
but ideas and value have just as much as impact on
social change.
• He argued that human motivation and ideas were the
forces behind the change.
• Religious values associated with Protestants is an
important factor for the rise of capitalism.
• In his famous book, “ The Protestant Ethic and the
Spirit of Capitalism”, he has mentioned that religiously
, the protestants are hard working and of thrift nature
which contributed for the development of capitalism.
• Major works:
Economics and Society, The Protestant Ethic and the
Spirit of Capitalism, The City, Bureaucracy

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