DET40073- POWER ELECTRONICS

TOPIC 2 (B)

SINGLE-PHASE FULL-WAVE
RECTIFIER
TYPES OF SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIER
Single –phase Full Wave Rectifier

Two types of Single-phase Full Wave Rectifier

i. Uncontrolled rectifier
ii. Controlled rectifier
4
Uncontrolled Full wave Rectifier

Two types of circuit for Uncontrolled Full Wave

Rectifier :

i. Center-Tapped Transformer
ii. Bridge Type
• The circuit known as Centre-tapped Transformer Full-wave
Rectifier circuit. The use of 2 diodes is only allowed for centre tap
type transformer.

• To get the same value of output voltage for each secondary coil of
transformer, each coil must have same ratio of rms voltage value as
the other secondary coil of the transformer in the figure.

Circuit connection
Operation circuit:

 When half positive cycle (0 < t < π) :

 Diode D1 is in forward biased condition and diode D2 is in the

reverse biased condition. During this cycle, terminal ‘P’ is more
positive with respect to terminal ‘Q’.
 D1 start conducting and load current follows the path from
terminal ‘P’  D1  R  N. this current continues to flow
through load as long as D1 is in conduction state.
 At the instant wt = π , the current passes through natural zero
and diode D1 turns off.
 When half negative cycle (π< t <2π) :

 The terminal ‘Q’ is more positive with respect to terminal ‘P’. Diode
D2 is in forward biased condition and diode D1 is in reverse biased
condition.
 When diode D2 start conducting, the load current flows along the
direction terminal ‘Q’  D2  R  N.
 The load current direction is same as that of the previous
mode load current direction.

9
• The circuit known as Bridge Type Full-wave Rectifier circuit. It
contains four diodes D1, D2, D3 and D4.
• During the positive half cycle of the supply voltage, diode D1
& D2 are in forward biased condition and conducts from wt = 0 to
π.
• During the negative half cycle of the supply voltage, diode D3
& D4 are in forward biased condition and conducts from wt = π
to 2 π.

Circuit connection
Operation circuit:
 During positive half cycle (0 < t < π) :
 Diode D1 & D2 are in forward biased condition and diode D3
& D4 are in the reverse biased condition.
 The load current flows through the path from terminal P  D1
 R  D2  N.
 At the instant wt = π , source voltage is zero. Load voltage is
zero, load current becomes zero. So both diodes D1 & D2
are turn off.

12
 During negative half cycle (π< t <2π) :

 Diodes D1 & D2 gets turned off naturally when they are in

reversed biased condition. Meanwhile diodes D3 & D4 are
in forward biased condition.
 The load current flows through the path N  D3  R 
D4  P.
 The load current direction is same as that of the
previous mode load current direction.

13
Output waveforms

Input voltage
Input voltage

output voltage

Output current
Expression of the output voltage:

If the V = Vm sin wt, the average output voltage is :

Output Power:

Po ( avg )  Vo ( avg )  Io ( avg )

O
R 2
Po ( avg )  I o ( avg ) R
O
R
2
Vo ( avg )
Po ( avg ) 
R
Example:

Calculate the output voltage, Vo for the rectifier circuit below if

V = 350 sin 132t :

Solution :
Exercise:
Calculate the average output voltage, Vo and the output current, Io
for the circuit below.

Ans : Vo = 207.07V , Io = 0.207A

Exercise:
Calculate the average output voltage, Vo and the output
current, Io for the circuit below.

Vin = 240 sin132t

Ans : Vo = 152.79V , Io = 0.153A

Controlled Full Wave Rectifier

 Two types of Controlled Full Wave Rectifier:

i. Center-Tapped Transformer
ii. Bridge Type
Circuit connection
Operation circuit :
 During positive half cycle (0 < t < π) :
 T1 is triggered at angle ωt = α , T1 turns ’ON’ and it allowed
current to flow through it to resistive load and get back to centre-
tap transformer.
 Assume T1 is ideal, voltage produced at load, VRL = Input
voltage.
 Current will continue flow until input voltage reach
zero = 0V and change phase causes T1 = ‘OFF’.
 During negative half cycle (π< t <2π) :
 SCR T1 gets turned off by commutation. T2 is forward
biased and turn-on at ωt= π+α.
 current will flow through it to resistive load and back to
transformer centre-tap. By ignoring the voltage drop at T2, VRL
= input voltage.
 Current flow direction that through load is the same as
+ve half-cycle and –ve half-cycle. So –ve voltage will appear at
load.
Output waveforms:

Input voltage

Output voltage

Output current
 If the V = Vm sin wt, the average output voltage is :

Expression of the output voltage:

Output Power:
Po ( avg )  Vo ( avg )  Io ( avg )
O
R 2
Po ( avg )  I o ( avg ) R
O
R
2
Vo ( avg )
Po ( avg ) 
R
Example:
Calculate the output voltage, Vo for the rectifier circuit below if
v = 245 sin 132t and trigger angle α= 30° :

Solution :
Exercise:
Calculate the average output voltage, Vo and the output current,
Io for the circuit below if V = 260 V and α = 45°.

Ans : Vo = 199.80V , Io = 0.199A

• The circuit known as Bridge Type Full-wave
Rectifier
circuit. It contains four SCR’s S1, S2, S3 and S4.

• Controlled half wave rectifier circuit that use only o ne SCR has
ripple in the output. It is not suitable to use in DC motor controller.

• So, controlled full wave rectifier circuit that use four SCR’s (S1-S4)
which is low in ripple is usually use for speed controller.

Circuit connection
Operation circuit:
 During positive half cycle (0 < t < π) :

 SCR’s S1 & S2 are in forward biased and S3 & S4 are in the

reverse biased condition.
 S1 & S2 triggered at angle wt=α, the load current flows
through the path from +ve supply  S1  load  S2 
-ve supply.
 The output voltage is same as input voltage, Vo = Vin
 At the instant wt = π , source voltage is zero. Load voltage is
zero, load current becomes zero. So both SCR’s S1 & S2 are
turn off.
 During negative half cycle (π< t <2π) :

 SCR’s S1 & S2 gets turned off when they are in reversed biased
condition. Meanwhile S3 & S4 are in forward biased condition. S3
& S4 turn-on when triggered at wt=π+α

 The load current flows through the path –ve supply  S3

 load  S4  +ve supply. The load current direction is same as
that of the previous mode load current direction.
 Current that flow through S3 and S4 turn zero at  t = 2 and it is
shut off.
 SCR S1 and S2 is triggered again at  t = 2 +  and while S3 and
S4 triggered again at  t = 3 + , and this process is repeated
Output waveforms

Input voltage

Output voltage

Output current
Expression of the output voltage
If the V = Vm sin wt, the average output voltage is :

42
Example:
Calculate the output voltage, Vo for the rectifier circuit below if v
= 150 sin 132t and trigger angle α = 30° :

Solution :
Exercise:
Calculate the average output voltage, Vo, output current, Io
and output power, Po for the circuit below if v = 240V and
α=45°.

Ans : Vo = 184.43V , Io = 0.184A , Po = 33.94W

 Output connected
to motor

Circuit connection
Operation circuit:
 During positive half cycle (0 < t < π) :
 SCR’s S1 & S2 are in forward biased and S3 & S4 are in the reverse
biased condition.
 S1 & S2 triggered at angle wt=α, the load current flows through the
path from +ve supply  S1  R  L  S2  -ve supply. Because of the
inductance, io keeps on increasing and becomes maximum at π.
 The output voltage is same as input voltage, Vo = Vin
 During negative half cycle (π< t <2π) :

 At the instant wt = π , the supply voltage reverses but SCR’s S1 & S2

does not turn off. This is because, the load inductance does not allow
the current io to go to zero instantly. The loadinductance generates a
large voltage,
 This voltage forward biases the S1 & S2. The energy stored in the load
inductance supplied partially to the mains supply and to the load itself.
The output voltage is negative from π to π+α since supply voltage is
negative. But the load current keeps on reducing.
 At π+α, SCR’s S3 & S4 are triggered. The load current starts
increasing. The load current remains continuous in the load. The
similar operation repeats.
Output waveforms
Expression of the output voltage:

If the V = Vm sin wt, the average output voltage is :

Continuous mode
 CONTROLLED FULL-WAVE
RECTIFIER :
CONTINUOUS MODE

For large values of load inductance the load

current would be continuous and does not
fall to zero.
CONTROLLED FULL-WAVE
RECTIFIER :
DISCONTINUOUS MODE
Average output voltage (discontinuous mode)

Average output current

𝑉𝑜
𝐼 𝑜( 𝑎𝑣𝑔 )=
𝑅
The boundary between continuous and discontinuous current mode is when
in the output current expression is

For continuous operation current at must be greater than zero

 To improve Vo, insert Free
Wheeling diode across the
load.

Generally the load current is discontinuous

when the load is purely resistive or when the
RL load has a low value of inductance.
Output Power:
Po ( avg )  Vo ( avg )  Io ( avg )
O
R 2
Po ( avg )  I o ( avg ) R
O
R
2
Vo ( avg )
Po ( avg ) 
R
 Example:
Calculate the output voltage, Vo for the rectifier circuit below if v =
450 sin 132t and trigger angle α = 30° :

Output connected
to motor

Solution :
Exercise:
Calculate the average output voltage, Vo for the
circuit below if V = 450 sin 132t V and α = 45°. Then,
calculate power output, Po if R = 1kΩ and L = 5mH.

Output connected
to motor

Ans : Vo = 202.57 V, Po = 48.65W

Circuit connection
Operation circuit
 During positive half cycle (0 < t < π) :

 SCR’s S1 & S2 are in forward biased and S3 & S4 and

also diode DFW are in the reverse biased condition.
 S1 & S2 triggered at angle wt=α, the load current flows
through the path from +ve supply  S1  R  L  S2
 -ve supply. Because of the inductance, io keeps
on
increasing and becomes maximum at π.
 The output voltage is same as input voltage, Vo = Vin
 During negative half cycle (π< t <2π) :

 At the instant wt = π , the supply voltage reverses.

 From π to π+α, freewheeling diode starts

conducting.
The freewheeling diode is more forward biased
compared to S1 & S2. Hence freewheeling
conducts. diode
 The freewheeling diode is connected across the output
Vo. Hence Vo = 0 during freewheeling.

 The energy stored in the load inductance is circulated

back in the load itself as shown in figure b. The output
voltage becomes zero in the freewheeling periods
Figure b : Free-wheeling diode conducts from π to π + α
due to inductive load.
Output waveforms
Expression of the output voltage
If the V = Vm sin wt, the average output voltage is :
Output Power:
Po ( avg )  Vo ( avg )  Io ( avg )
O
R 2
Po ( avg )  I o ( avg ) R
O
R
2
Vo ( avg )
Po ( avg ) 
R
Example:

Calculate the output voltage, Vo for the rectifier circuit below if

V = 325 sin 132t and trigger angle α = 30° :

Solution :
 Exercise:

Calculate the output voltage, Vo for the rectifier circuit below if

V = 240V and α = 45° :

Ans : Vo = 184.43 V67

Question 1
Question 2
Question 3
Question 4
Question 4

If α = 45°
Question 5

Output connected
75
to motor

If α = 90°
Question 6

If α = 60°
Question 7
Question 8
Question 9
END OF TOPIC
TOPIC 2 (B)