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Biomedical Test Analyzers

This document discusses biomedical test analyzers and simulators. It provides an overview of important resources on the topic, outlines the topics that will be covered in the associated lecture, and discusses the importance of medical equipment testing, performance verifications, preventative maintenance programs, and what to do if test equipment results differ from the medical device readings. It also covers biomedical test equipment manufacturers, fields, and the effects of electricity on the body.

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100% found this document useful (2 votes)
209 views31 pages

Biomedical Test Analyzers

This document discusses biomedical test analyzers and simulators. It provides an overview of important resources on the topic, outlines the topics that will be covered in the associated lecture, and discusses the importance of medical equipment testing, performance verifications, preventative maintenance programs, and what to do if test equipment results differ from the medical device readings. It also covers biomedical test equipment manufacturers, fields, and the effects of electricity on the body.

Uploaded by

hadiiir pal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Biomedical Test Analyzers

and simulators

By Dr.Eng:Nedal Kamal Toman


Resources
- Clinical Engineering Handbook
Joseph P. Dyro, Editor
Amsterdam/Boston, Elsevier Academic Press, 2004
 Safety
 Medical Devices: Design Manufacture, Evaluation and Control
 Medical Devices: Utilization and Service

- https://www.biomedics.com.au/resources/medical-equipment-testing-maintenance
- https://meridian.allenpress.com/bit/article/42/5/367/141978/All-About-Test-Equipment
- https://www.rigelmedical.com/gb/
- https://www.flukebiomedical.com/products/biomedical-test-equipment
- https://www.netechbiomedical.com
- https://www.fda.gov/media/142385/download
- https://www.fda.gov/files/advisory%20committees/published/Presentation--IEC
The topics of the lecture
- The importance of medical equipment testing.

- What are performance verifications on medical equipment?

- When do we use Test equipment analyzers.

- Preventive maintenance program.

- What if the results given by the medical device are different


from test equipment.

- Biomedical test equipment manufacturers.

- Biomedical Test Equipment Field.

-- Regulation and standards.


The importance of medical equipment testing
- Ensure that the medical device is performing its functions properly.

- Regular testing of medical equipment is essential for ensuring patient safety.

- Ensure that the medical device gives us high-accuracy and response time results.

- better performance and reduced downtime, resulting in greater productivity and cost
savings.

-Investigation of medical device incidents resulting in patient injury and death.

‫ لألسف الكثير من المستشفيات ال تهتم بهذا الموضوع وال يدركون أهمية هذه العملية وأثرها على جودة الرعاية‬-
.‫الصحية داخل المنشآت الصحية‬

‫ في اقسام الهندسة الطبية أحد أهم ركائز نجاح هذا القسم وأحد أهم معايير‬test analyzers ‫ وجود أجهزة‬-
.‫الجودة‬

‫ بدون هذه األجهزة نحن كمهندسين أجهزة طبية كالسائر مغمض العينين وما نقوم به عملية اصالح لجهاز‬-
.‫الكترونى‬

Biomedical test equipment ‫ لذلك حتى نعمل بعيدا عن التخمينات يجب اقناء تقنية‬-
What are performance verifications on
medical equipment?
- Performance verification is a process that ensures equipment is safe to
use and will function as you expect it to throughout the device’s lifespan.

- These specifications define the accuracy, precision, response time that


allows it to meet the requirements of its intended use.

- The equipment must also undergo acceptance testing prior to clinical


use.
‫‪Very important question.. When do we‬‬
‫‪use Test equipment analyzers‬‬
‫هناك عدة مراحل مهمة الستخدام أجهزة ‪biomedical test equipment‬‬

‫‪ -‬تبدأ من مرحلة التركيب و التشغيل للجهاز عند توريد الجهاز الطبي للمستشفى أو نقل جهاز‬
‫جديد من مكان الى أخر‪.‬‬

‫**يمكن استخدام هذه العملية حسب اإلمكانيات المادية لوزارة الصحة و سياسة الدولة المالية‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬خالل عمل )‪PPM(Preventive maintenance Program‬‬

‫‪ -‬بعد الصيانة التصحيحية مهما كان العطل ال نستصغره خصوصا اذا كان العطل الكترونى ألن‬
‫أعمال الصيانة قد تؤثر على عمل الجهاز الطبي‪.‬‬
Preventive maintenance program
- Preventive maintenance of medical equipment is essential for ensuring
better performance and reduced downtime.
 Less down time
Longer life-span
Improved safety

- Biomedical engineers perform preventative maintenance on medical


equipment, according to manufacturer’s recommendations.

- On conclusion of preventive maintenance, Engineers must documentate


details, and any actions/repairs that may be needed.
‫ماذا لو كانت النتائج التي يعطيها الجهاز الطبي مختلفة عن جهاز ‪Test Equipment‬‬

‫‪ -‬أغلب األجهزة الطبية يكون لها ‪ Accuracy range‬وهو نسبة خطأ مسموح بها وتحدد‬
‫الشركة المصنعة للجهاز الطبي ‪ accuracy‬في ‪ Service manual‬و ‪User manual‬‬

‫‪ -‬مثال عندما نفحص جهاز طبى و يعطينا قراءات خارج نطاق ‪standard deviation‬‬
‫المسموح به‪ ,‬فيجب إيقاف الجهاز فورا و اجراء أعمال تصحيحية و من بعدها إعادة فحصة على‬
‫جهاز ‪.Test analyzer‬‬

‫‪ -‬أحد العوامل المهمة جدا في األجهزة الطبية ‪ Response time‬بمعنى أن الجهاز الطبي يعطى‬
‫قراءات صحيحة ولكن زمن االستجابة للجهاز بطئ‪ ,‬وهذا أحد العيوب الموجودة في بعض‬
‫‪ Brands‬زهيدة الثمن‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬وبذلك فان أي تغير في ‪ rhythm‬خاصة في األقسام الحرجة وأقسام العناية قد تسبب مشاكل‬
‫للمريض‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ما يميز األجهزة الطبية عالية الجودة أن ‪ accuracy‬و ‪ response time‬عالي جدا وهو أحد‬
‫أسباب ارتفاع سعر هذه األجهزة‪.‬‬
‫هل أجهزة ‪ Test Equipment‬نفسها تحتاج الى ‪Test‬‬
‫‪ -‬نعم أجهزة ‪ test analyzers‬تحتاج الى ‪ test‬كل سنة أو سنتين تقريبا‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬عادة ما يتم ارسال هذه األجهزة للشركة المصنعة لعمل معايرة لها و التأكد من دقة النتائج التي‬
‫تعطيها‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬استخدام ‪ test equipment‬على المدى الطويل دون معايرتها قد يؤثر سلبا على عملية‬
‫فحص األجهزة الطبية‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬مالحظة‪ :‬يجب التأكد من اإلكسسوارت الخارجية المتصلة باألجهزة الطبية مثل‬


‫‪ leads,sensors,cuff‬وغيرها‪ ,‬كما يجب أن تكون هذه اإلكسسوارت عالية الجودة و من‬
‫الشركة المصنعة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬مثال‪ :‬عندما يتم طلب المواصفات )‪ spo2 probes (Masimo or Nellcor technology‬وذلك ألن زمن‬
‫االستجابة لهذه اإلكسسوارت اسرع‪.‬‬
‫‪Biomedical test equipment manufacturers‬‬
‫‪ ‬يوجد هناك العديد من الشركات المنتجة ‪ test equipment‬ولكن من أقوى العالمات‬
‫التجارية الموجودة في السوق شركة ‪ Fluke‬وهذا ليس بغرض الدعاية أو التسويق ولكن هذه‬
‫الشركة‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬دائما تسعى لمواكبة التطور في األجهزة الطبية‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬لديها الدقة و جميع ‪ parameters‬المتعلقة باألجهزة الطبية موجودة في منتجات هذه الشركة‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬شركة ‪ Fluke‬تأسست عام ‪ 1948‬في الواليات المتحدة األمريكية‪.‬‬


Biomedical test equipment manufacturers

.‫ في الواليات المتحدة األمريكية‬1987 ‫تأسست عام‬ Netech ‫ شركة‬-


Biomedical test equipment manufacturers
1970 ‫شركة بريطانية تأسست عام‬

Electrical Patient
Safety Simulator Defibrillator Electro surgery
Biomedical Test Equipment Field
Defibrillator Analyzers and AED Testers: defibrillator
analyzer tester ensures proper performance of the defibrillators.

 - Capable of testing ECG.

 - capable to Test external pacemakers(option).


 - Ideal for testing all automated external defibrillators (AED).

)Energy(‫ يتم اختبار الطاقة الخارجة من جهاز الصدمة الكهربائية‬-

Charging/discharging( (‫ زمن الشحن و التفريغ‬-

.‫ التزامن مع رسم القلب‬-

.‫ المدمجة مع الجهاز‬ECG((‫ اختبار وحدة رسم القلب‬-


Electrical Safety Analyzers
 testing of all electrically operated medical equipment in the hospital, ensures safety
of the patients and operators from electric shock hazard.

 Must meet IEC Standards compliance: ANSI/AAMI, NFPA-99, and parts of


IEC62353 and IEC60601-1.

 ECG simulation(option)

input voltage ‫ قياس جهد ̈التشغيل‬-

Current Consumption ‫ قياس تيار التشغيل‬-

Earth Resistance ‫ التأريض وفعاليته‬,‫قياس مقاومة األرض‬ -

)Enclosure Leakage Current( ‫قياس معدل التسريب الكهربائي للشاسية‬ -

‫ كلما زاد التسريب الكهربائي كلما‬Patient Leakage Current ‫ قياس معدل التسريب الكهربائي للمريض‬-
.‫تسبب في ضرر أكبر للمريض‬

Applied Parts Leakage Measurement ‫ قياس معدل التسريب لألجهزة ̈الملحقة‬-


Effect of Electricity on the body
Neuro-Muscular
Dependent on current density, duration and the particular
neuro-muscular system.
1 mA – Simple tingling can be carried by the human body
15 mA – The body loses control of its muscles
100 mA – The heart stops and a person may die if his heart
does not return to work quickly
1 A – Sustained heart contraction
Effect of Electricity on the body
Tissue Heating
Exceptionally high currents passing through the body cause tissue heating.
Extent of heating depends on the local current and resistance because of:
Power = Voltage (V) X Current (I) but
Current (I) = Voltage/Resistance(R) so
 I= V/R
(R) Resistance of the human body in normal state=10000 om
I=220/10000=22mA
This Current felt by human body , but it is not enough to cause a serious
impact
(R) Resist of the human body when it is standing above the water=1000 om
I=220/1000=220 mA
As we said before this current is enough to make a person lose control of his
nervous system and lead to cardiac arrest and may lead to death
Regulation and standards for electrical safety
 - ANSI: American National Standards Institute.

 -AAMI is an accredited standards development organization by the American


National Standards Institute (ANSI)

 - NFPA: National Fire Protection Association, nonprofit organization devoted to


eliminating death, fire, electrical and related hazards(NFPA99)

 - AU/NZ Australia /Newzeland standard

 Test to NFPA 99 or ANSI/AAMI, the prevalent standards in the USA


Regulation and standards for electrical safety
 - IEC 60601 is a series of technical standards for the safety and
effectiveness of medical electrical equipment
 IEC 60601-1-1 safety requirement for medical electrical systems IEC
60601-1-2 safety requirement and tests
 IEC 60601-1-3 requirement for radiation protection
 IEC 62353 standard for field testing electrical safety
 - ECRI (Emergency Care Research Institute) is an independent
nonprofit organization tasked with "improving the safety, quality, and
cost-effectiveness of care across all healthcare settings worldwide.
‫‪Infusion/Syringe Pump Analyzers‬‬
‫‪ infusion Pump Analyzers help you maintain the performance and‬‬
‫‪accuracy of infusion pumps parameters.‬‬
‫‪ -‬معدل الحقن ‪ - Flow Rate‬كمية ̈الحقن ‪Volume‬‬

‫‪ -‬زمن الحقن ‪ - Time‬انذار بوجود هواء بالدائرة ‪Air in line‬‬

‫‪ -‬ضغط الحقن في حالة االنسداد ‪Occlusion Pressure‬‬

‫‪ -‬تستخدم ̈أجهزة ̈الحقن في المستشفيات في ظروف صحية عالية الخطورة حيث يتم إعطاء المريض ادوية‬
‫مخدرة وعالية ̈الخطورة‬

‫‪ -‬اذا كان هناك خلل في الجهاز ولم يعطى الكمية المطلوبة سيكون لها نتائج خطيرة على المريض‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬اذا كان هناك انسداد ‪ occlusion‬في ‪ cannula‬او في ‪ line‬وكان زمن االستجابة للجهاز بطئ فهاذا جدا‬
‫خطير خاصة اذا كان ا̈لجهاز يخدم في أقسام العناية المكثفة أو أقسام حضانات األطفال‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬في خالل فترة زمنية معينة في الواليات المتحدة تسببت أجهزة ‪ infusions‬بما يعادل ‪ 50‬الف خطأ طبى‬
‫بسبب عدم دقة مضخات المحاليل‪.‬‬
Patient Monitor Simulators
- Patient Simulators - also known as physiological simulators are
essential tools for biomedical engineers to accurately test and verify the
performance of patient monitoring systems such as:

- ECG simulation

-Fetal ECG simulation

- IBP simulation

-NIBP

- Temperature

- Respiratory rate

- Cardiac output

- SpO2
ECG Simulator
- is a device that mimics the operation of an ECG in monitoring heart
activity. The types of ECG simulators on the market vary. Some are
portable and compact, while others come in the form of a full-size
manikin.
Electro Surgery Analyzers
 Test critical Electro Surgery Unit functions with:
- Power

-current

- frequency

-crest factor

-load resistance ranges

Generator output(Cut, coag,) ‫ فحص الخرج‬-

High Frequency Leakage Test ‫ قياس معدل تسريب التردد العالي‬-


Gas Flow Analyzers And Ventilator Testers
 Test gas flow and respiratory medical equipment accurately, including:
- Ventilators (volume,pressures,times.flow)

- flow meters

- endoscopic insufflators

- suction devices

- pressure gauges

- anesthesia machines(vaporizers‫ا¨¨لمبخر̈ات‬,volumes-pressures-times-
flow‫ب¨¨¨ار̈امتر̈اتجه¨از ا¨¨لتخدير‬
Incubator Radiant Warmer Analyzers
 Tester simplifies testing:

- baby incubators.

- transport incubators.

- infant radiant warmers.

 Measure:

- Temperature - skin temperature probes

- Humidity - Gas Percentage

- airflow - sounds

must Ensure quality assurance and patient safety standards IEC 60601-2-19, IEC
60601-2-20 and IEC 60601-2-21
Phototherapy Radiometers
- devices designed for accurate detection and measurement of light
radiation in the blue part of the spectrum from 400-480 nm

- measures the output power of phototherapy units.

‫ أجهزة اختبار العالج الضوئي لألطفال المبتسرين‬-

.‫ التأكد من دقة الخرج وصحة القراءة‬-


Digital Pressure Meters
- Pressure rang measurement .

- Temperature rang measurement.

- Gas flow measurement.


Regulation and standards for quality
management
 ISO 14971 specifies the process for risk management of medical
devices.

 ISO 13485:2016 specifies requirements for a quality management


system
Regulation and Organizations for medical devices
FDA : The United States Food and Drug Administration.

CE European: mean that the manufacturer affirms the good's conformity with
European health, safety, and environmental protection standards. It is not a
quality indicator or a certification mark.

BSI: British Standards Institution produces and supplies certification and


standards

TUV: Germany test, inspect, and certify technologies, products

UL:is an accredited standards developer in the US and Canada.


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