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Interconnecting Devices

The document discusses different networking devices used to interconnect devices and networks. It describes repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, and routers and explains how each operates at a different layer and functions. Bridges and switches segment networks into smaller collision domains while routers connect different networks and isolate both collision and broadcast domains. Loops in networks are eliminated using the spanning tree protocol.

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Akshita Gupta
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68 views25 pages

Interconnecting Devices

The document discusses different networking devices used to interconnect devices and networks. It describes repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, and routers and explains how each operates at a different layer and functions. Bridges and switches segment networks into smaller collision domains while routers connect different networks and isolate both collision and broadcast domains. Loops in networks are eliminated using the spanning tree protocol.

Uploaded by

Akshita Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Interconnecting Devices

Session Objectives

After going through this session you will be able to understand:

 Networking

 The devices used in Networking like Router, Switch, Hub, Bridges and
Repeaters

 The network layer at which they operate

 Working of each device


Introduction

• Network is an infrastructure made up of interconnecting


devices.
• The most common devices are Hub, Switch, Router and
Bridge.
• The devices are used to create LAN, WAN and MAN
networks.
• The device make communication possible from one end to
another.
• Each device follows a set of rule for data communication.
• The device does the job of signal enhancement, forwarding
and routing.
List of Networking Devices

Repeaters
Switches

Hubs
Routers

Bridges
Layer Based Working of Connecting Devices
Repeaters

 A physical layer device that acts on bits not on frames or packets.


 Can have two or more interfaces.
 When a bit (0,1) arrives, the repeater receives it and regenerates it, and transmits it onto
all other interfaces.
 Used in LAN to connect cable segments and extend the maximum cable length.
 Ethernet 10base5 – Max. segment length 500m – 4 repeaters (5 segments) are used
to extend the cable to 2500m)
 Ethernet 10Base2- Max. segment length 185m - 4 repeaters (5 segments) are used
to extend the cable to 925m
 Repeaters do not implement any access method that means if any two nodes on any two
connected segments transmit at the same time collision will happen.

Contd…
Figure 1: Function of a Repeater

Contd…
Figure 2: A repeater connecting two segments of a LAN
Hubs

 Works on the physical layer and is also called multiport repeater.


 Operate on bits rather than frames.
 Used to connect stations adapters in a physical star topology but logically bus.
 Connection to the hub consists of two pairs of twisted pair wire one for transmission
and the other for receiving.
 Follows no access method in data transmission.
 Does not do filtering it just copy the received frame onto all other links
 The entire hub forms a single collision domain, and a single Broadcast domain
 Collision domain: is that part of the network (set of NICs) when two or more
nodes transmit at the same time collision will happen.
 Broadcast domain: is that part of the network (set of NIC) where each NIC can
'see' other NICs' traffic broadcast messages.
 Multiple Hubs can be used to extend the network length.
 No buffering at the hub. Contd…
Figure 3: Hub Interconnection
Bridges
 Acts on the data link layer (MAC address level).
 Used to divide (segment) the LAN into smaller LANs segments, or to connect LANs that
use identical physical and data link layers protocol.

 Each LAN segment is a separate collision domain.


 Bridge does not send the received frame to all other interfaces like hubs and repeaters, but it
performs filtering .
 Bridge uses a bridge table (forwarding table) that contains entries for the nodes on the
LAN for packet forwarding.
 A bridge runs CSMA/CD before sending a frame onto the link not like the hub or repeater.

Contd…
Figure 4: A bridge connecting two LANs

Contd…
Figure 5: A learning bridge and the process of learning
Figure 6: A learning bridge and the process of learning

(a) In heavy load, each station has an average effective theoretical bandwidth = 10/12
(b) Each station has an average effective bandwidth equal =10/3 Contd…
Figure 7: Looping problem-1 in Bridge connectivity

Contd…
Figure 8: Looping problem-2 in Bridge connectivity

• When using switches, the network should not contain any loop (there should be exactly one
path from any LAN to any other LAN
• Loops can cause number of frames in the LAN to increase indefinitely

Contd…
Figure 9: Looping problem Solution

 Loops are logically disabled by the minimum spanning tree algorithm


Switch

 N-Port bridge where N is equal to number of stations


 Usually used to connect individual computers not LANs like bridge
 Allows more than one device connected to the switch directly to transmit simultaneously
 Can operates in Full-duplex mode.
 Performs MAC address recognition and frame forwarding in hardware (bridge in software)
 Two types :
• Store-and-forward: switch receives the whole frame on the input line, buffers it, briefly
performs error checking, then routes it to the appropriate output line (similar to bridge).
• Cut-through: based on the destination address the frame is directly sent to the appropriate
output line without buffering. Here no error checking is performed

Contd…
Figure 10: Switch Interconnection -1

A Hub sending a packet form F to C. A Switch sending a packet from F to C

Switch

Contd…
Figure 11: Switch Interconnection -2

Isolated collision
domains

Full-Duplex operation
Router

 Operates at network layer and deals with packets not frames.


 Connect LANs and WANs with similar or different protocols together.
 Routers isolate both collision domains and broadcast domains
 Acts like normal stations on a network, but have more than one network address (an
address to each connected network).
 Deals with global address ( network layer address (IP)) not local address (MAC address).
 Routers Communicate with each other and exchange routing information.
 Determine best route using routing algorithm by special software installed on them.
 Forward traffic if information on destination is available otherwise discard it (not like
a switch or bridge).

Contd…
Figure 12: Routers connecting independent LANs and WANs

Routers
Figure 13: Interconnecting Router, Switch and Hubs
Summary

In this section we have discussed the following:

• Interconnecting Devices
• Looping in LAN and eliminating it using Spanning Tree Protocol
• Broadcast and Collision Domains

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