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Introduction To World Englishes

English has evolved over time from its West Germanic origins to become one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, with around 2.2 billion speakers. It was brought to Britain by Germanic tribes in the 5th century AD and was influenced by Old Norse and Norman French after the Norman conquest of 1066. The language continued developing and was standardized during the 15th-18th centuries. Today there are many varieties of English used globally, influenced by the cultures where it is spoken. The growth and dominance of English is closely tied to economic, technological, military and cultural power.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
92 views23 pages

Introduction To World Englishes

English has evolved over time from its West Germanic origins to become one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, with around 2.2 billion speakers. It was brought to Britain by Germanic tribes in the 5th century AD and was influenced by Old Norse and Norman French after the Norman conquest of 1066. The language continued developing and was standardized during the 15th-18th centuries. Today there are many varieties of English used globally, influenced by the cultures where it is spoken. The growth and dominance of English is closely tied to economic, technological, military and cultural power.

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Ali Bux khoso
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© © All Rights Reserved
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WORLD ENGLISHES

Chapter – 01
Introduction of English and World Englishes

Teacher: Javed Iqbal

20 – BS ENGLISH (Linguistics)
Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, SBA
Introduction
• English is one of the most popular languages in the
world.

• There are many peoples who use and get benefit using
English in their daily life such as to communicate to
other and to convey the information.

• According to data, the number of English speakers


around the world is about 2.2 billion peoples.

• Here we discuss brief introduction and


development/historical background of English.
Brief History of English
• English is a West Germanic language starts from  Anglo-
Frisian dialects brought by Germanic invaders  such as
Angles, Saxons , Jutes into Britain.

• Old English  consisted dialects of different groups who laid


the foundation of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England.

• West Saxon dialect was dominated from all other dialects


and later it became the English.

• Linguists argue there are 100s of different English varieties


around the world, among them well-known varieties are
British English and Standard American English.  
Germanic Legacy of English
Jutes, Saxon and Angles tribes came English belongs to the Germanic family of
in 450 A.D. in Britons. and settled in languages, whose other members include
Eastern Coast of Britain. Angles gave High German, Low German, Dutch,
name angle – land or England” most Faroese, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, and
part of the England. Icelandic

Romance and Germanic belong Indo-European


family of languages about 3000 BCE.
• Northern India (ancestral tongue Sanskrit)
Angles, Saxons and Jutes were invaders • Persian usually known as Farsi today
and came from Northern Shores of • the Slavic languages (Russian, Ukrainian,
Germany. There status was very low, Polish,
they were barbarians in nature and • Bosnian, Croatian & Serbian)
worshiped Heathen gods. • Greek, Armenian, the Celtic languages (once
spoken throughout western and central Europe)
Anglo-Saxon in England
• Anglo – Saxon laid the foundation of an Anglo-Saxon civilization around 450
– 1150 and their language was Old English (also known as Anglo-Saxon
Language).

• Christianity came to Britain in 597 and it lasted impact on English vocabulary


is great. Church words adopted in language such as bishop, angel, disciple,
human, relic, and rule. school words like school, verse, meter, and grammar.
Common daily life words such as elephant, radish, oyster, talent, and crisp.

• Anglo – Saxon language is known Old English and it is in Low German


Dialect. It was dialect of poor/lower/common class people and it has low status
in Germany.
• Scandinavian language lasted lexical and grammatical influences on English
before the Norman Conquest 1066.
• Language was heavy, rough and heavy vocab. Saxon language in poetry is
rough, hard, and serious in tone and nature. Major works in this age are such as
Beowulf and The Battle of Meldon.
The French Legacy
• Norsemen also known as Vikings. They were Germanic people of Scandinavia and
Denmark. In 1066, Normans conquered England and setup Norman Kingdom in
Southern Italy and Sicily.

• Normans were warriors, fought on horseback with heavy battle axes. They had strong
political unity, organization, power, good in architecture and love of luxury. The
Normans did not impose French, but William’s court used French language and even
trade language was French.

• In the fourteenth century English was the language of the country, but this was a
very different kind of English from the English that was in reign of the Norman
Conquest.

• French words adopted in English are such as (legal and govern themselves are
French) lexical domains such as crime, criminal, criminality, regal, regental, judge,
plea, royal, sue, defend, defendant and common words such as joy, face, cap, force,
war, chase, paint, pay.
Between 1450 and 1750 there is the This period of time saw the effects of
change from Middle English to Early the Renaissance in art and literature
Modern English or the Great Vowel with its strong influence on language
Shift. growth.

Example1: Early Modern First English dictionary published by


the word ‘name’ pronounced as English Robert Cawdrey in 1604 and it helped
‘namay’ but today with a long ‘a’ and English language towards the
a voiceless ‘e’  as ‘naym’. 1500 - 1800 standardization.

Example 2: There is increase in Latin and Greek


In word (letter) ‘a’ is pronounced with a words, which impact on the vocabulary
long ‘a’ sound in modern English like of the language. English language has
(‘ay’), while in French it is pronounced also the influence of one of the world’s
with the short ‘a’ sound (‘ah’), as it was greatest playwrights William
in English before the Great Vowel Shift. Shakespeare.
World Englishes
Introduction
• The term World Englishes is used to describe all the different
varieties of English that exist worldwide.

• The study of World Englishes consists knowing and


understanding varieties of English used in diverse sociolinguistic
contexts globally and analyzing how sociolinguistic histories,
multicultural backgrounds and situation of its function effect on
the use of English in different regions of the world.

• English is spoken by about 1.35/2.2 billion people which means


almost 20% of the world population speaks English. Further, the
English which is used in different countries of the world can be
different in terms of vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar, accent
and dialect.
W
O
R WORLD ENGLISHES
L E
Word USA UK AUSTRALIA CANADA PAK/INDIA
D X
Flat Apartment Flat Flat Apartment Flat
A
Candy Candy Sweets/Lollies Sweets/Lollies Candy Toffee
E M
N P
G L Sweater sweater jumper jumper sweater jarsy/sweater
L E Sunglasses Sunglasses Sunnies Sunnies Sunglasses Sunglasses/
chashma
I S
S
H
E
S
Some Scholars Views about English
David Crystal (1997) mentions that the 1990s was a revolutionary period regarding
new linguistic varieties of English world-wide due to starting of Internet. This
scenario drew attention of people to the recognition English as a global language.

David Graddol’s (1998) argues in his book “The Future of English” that
English is certainly stoppable and he suggests that current global status
English may be lost in future.

Tom McArthur (1998) on the other hand his is book “The English
Languages” that English was undergoing a process of fundamental
change which would result different varieties of language as a
family of languages.
• English is used as an official language in about 70 countries
such as Ghana, Nigeria, India, Singapore and Pakistan while
English is taught as a foreign language in over 100
countries such as such as China, Russia, Germany, Spain,
Egypt and Brazil.
• In 1996 English replaced French as the chief foreign
language in schools in Algeria that was a former French
colony.
• David Crystal (1997) mentions that about a quarter of the
world’s population is already fluent or competent in English
that means around 1.5/1.35 billion people. No other
language can match this growth while speaker of Chinese
are about 1.1 billion.
There is the closest relation between
Language has no independent existence
language dominance and economic,
and it has some sort of mystical status.
technological, Military and cultural power.
Language exists only in the brains,
Without a strong power-base no language
mouths, ears, hands, eyes of its users.
can make progress as an international
medium of communication.

Features Make
Language
Global
Why English is widely spoken and written At some point in the history of human
though it has less grammar than other Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Arabic and
languages’, it doesn’t have a lot of endings on French are among those languages
its words, nor do we have to remember the which were international in the past as
difference between masculine, feminine, and well.
neuter gender.
Why English is widely spoken and written
It means the language does not become a
though it has less grammar than other
global language o n t h e b a s i s o f its
languages’, it doesn’t have a lot of endings on
intrinsic structural properties, the size of its
its words, nor do we have to remember the
difference between masculine, feminine, and vocabulary, a great literature in the past and a
neuter gender. great culture or religion.

Features Make
Language Global

Latin was an international language throughout the Roman Empire, but this was not because
the Romans were more numerous than the peoples they subjugated. They were simply more
powerful. After, when Roman military power declined, Latin remained for a millennium as the
international language of education.
• A language becomes an international language on the basis of the power of its
people especially political and military power.
• Its explanation and proofs we find throughout history for instance why did
Greek become a language of international communication in the Middle East
over 2,000 years ago? Not because of the intellects of Plato and Aristotle but
the answer lies in the swords and spears used by the armies of Alexander the
Great.
• Why did Latin become known throughout Europe?
• Why did Arabic come to be spoken so widely across northern Africa and the
Middle East?
TRENDS IN WORLD ENGLISHES
SPECIFICALLY IN ESL SITUATION

• A trend is a general tendency or direction towards


change over the years especially English learning.

• The design of an ESL program helps students who


want to learn English as a second language.

• Schools/colleges/universities generally use the term


ESL for students who are not native speakers.

• ESL teachers help in instructing the students in writing,


reading, and conversing, and job-oriented
communication skills.
1. Change the Goal of Teaching English  5. Summarizing and Evaluation 
Learners need to focus learn English as a means of Teacher centered learning without asking questions and
communication not to become a native speaker of involvement of students, it creates monotony in the class.
English. Teachers should make students to learn both The teacher should ask questions at the end of the class and
content and English. This will help in teaching ESL as a summarize whatever he has taught in a few minutes.
second language.

2. Change in Teaching Content and Text Design 6. Blended Learning


In classrooms teachers should use variety of descriptive these days, teaching methods have been changing and the
texts in the classrooms. The use of the English language, teachers use modern technologies for teaching. Online
as well as the use of various accents in texts or listening teaching is purely technical, blended with teaching and
activities, encourages English learning. information. This digital teaching is on-trend.
3. E-Learning 7. Mobile Learning
Teachers/instructors should encourage and introduce to these days mobile app are very effective in English teaching
study E-books because this is a digital era. It will great because it encourages individual and group learning of
help to students to get access of knowledge and to help students in speaking, listening, writing and reading.
teach ESL easily.
4. Teaching Through Conversations and Role-Play 8. Embodied Learning
A lot of changes have to be made in the teaching method Embodied learning is done with the combination of mind and body
and involvement of the students is required. Teachers collaboration. Learners should be physically, socially, and
emotionally engaged in activities such as audio, video and stories.
should give them specific tasks and involve them in certain
conversations and role play.
Globalization of English
• English is the most widely spoken language in very different
contexts and varieties in the world. In addition, English is not
only an international language, but also a global language. The
global language can be spoken as either first, second or foreign
language.

• English has become global language since the 17th century due
to the worldwide influence of the British Empire and the
United States of America.

• English, being global language known as the first global lingua


franca. it is the most widely used language in the world in
international trade, diplomacy, mass entertainment,
international telecommunications and scientific publications as
well as publishing newspapers and books.
Nativization of English
• British, American, Canada, New Zealand and
Australian English varieties are said to be native
varieties and native speakers. 

• Nativised / Nativization of English are those


varieties which are new varieties that develop in
those places/countries/areas where English was
not originally spoken.

• In the environment of Nativization, a foreign


language like English gets power and influence
over country/people. Foreign language is adopted
into their culture, education and way of life.
World English World Englishes
English language as a Lingua Franca used World Englishes mean different varieties
in business, trade and diplomacy. of English like Pak, Indian, British and
USA.

It is used as a global language for It is any variety of English in which


communication with many dialects. English was not spoken before.

It is also known as standard English, It is called specific variety of English of


Common English, World English. that country like Pinglish (Pak), Singlish
(Singapore)
Language Variations
• The concept of language variation is part of sociolinguistics and it varies
on the basis of individual, regional, national and global levels.

• Understanding language variation within a language is important for


every member of community, and especially for those who receiving
education.

• Different factors affect English spoken within a country and they can be
regional (geographical), ethnic (national and racial), and social (class,
age, gender, socioeconomic status and education).

• Variation is shown through language variety’s pronunciation,


vocabulary, grammatical constructions and syntax.

• Dialect, register, idiolect are some examples of language varitions.


• The English language varies not only on individual and national levels but on the
global level.

• English is a major language because Great Britain and the United States have been
powerful militarily, politically, and economically for the past two centuries.

• Different varieties of English are used throughout the world and Kachru
(1985/92/95) identified three concentric circles such as the Inner Circle, the Outer
Circle, the Expanding Circle and here we discuss briefly his three circle model:
Country Numbers of Spoken English
United States 245.800.000
United Kingdom  57.006.000 Country Numbers of Spoken English
Canada  25.880.000 India 810.806.000
Australia  16.475.000 Pakistan 109.434.000
New Zealand    3.336.000 Bangladesh 107.756.000
1. Inner Circle: Philippines  58.434.000
English as Native Language (ENL) Tanzania  23.996.000
Kenya  22.919.000
Malaysia  16.965.000
2. Outer Circle: Sri Lanka  16.606.000
English as Second Language (ESL) Ghana   13.750.000
Zambia    7.384.000
Singapore    2.641.000

Country Numbers of Spoken English


China 1.088.200.000
3. Expending Circle:
ESSR    285.796.000
English as Foreign Language (EFL) Indonesia    175.904.000
Japan    122.620.000
Egypt     50.273.000
Korea     42.593.000
Taiwan     19.813.000
Nepal     18.004.000
Zimbabwe      8.878.000
Kachru Model (1995) Three Circles of English, Israel      4.552.000
varieties of English
• Crystal, D. (2003). English as a Global Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.

• Kachru, B. B. (1985). Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism. In Quirk


R & Widdowson H. (Eds.), English in the world: Teaching and learning the
language and literatures (pp. 11-36). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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