Java Programming

Sixth Edition
Chapter 1: Creating Your
First Java Classes
 Objectives
• Define basic programming terminology
• Describe procedural and object-oriented
programming concepts
• Describe the features of the Java programming
language
• Analyze a Java application that uses console
output

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 Objectives (cont'd.)
• Add comments to a Java class
• Save, compile, run, and modify a Java application
• Create a Java application that produces GUI output
• Correct errors and find help

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 Learning About Programming
• Program
– Set of written instructions that tells computer what to
do
• Machine language
– Most basic circuitry-level language
– Low-level programming language

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 Learning About Programming (cont'd.)
• High-level programming language
– Allows you to use vocabulary of reasonable terms
• Syntax
– Rules of language
• Program statements
– Similar to English sentences
– Carry out tasks of program

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 Learning About Programming (cont'd.)
• Compiler or interpreter
– Translates language statements into machine code
• Syntax error
– Misuse of language
– Misspelled programming language word
• Debugging
– Freeing program of all errors
• Logic errors
– Also called semantic errors
– Incorrect order or procedure
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 Comparing Procedural and Object-
Oriented Programming Concepts
• Procedural programming
– Sets of operations executed in sequence
– Variables
• Named computer memory locations that hold values
– Procedures
• Individual operations grouped into logical units
• Object-oriented programs
– Create classes
– Create objects from classes
– Create applications
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 Comparing Procedural and Object-
Oriented Programming Concepts
(cont'd.)
• Object-oriented programming was used most
frequently for two major types of applications
– Computer simulations
– Graphical user interfaces (GUIs)
• Not all object-orientated programs written to use GUI
• Object-oriented programming differs from traditional
procedural programming
– Basic concepts
• Polymorphism
• Inheritance
• Encapsulation
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 Understanding Classes, Objects, and
Encapsulation
• Class
– Describes objects with common properties
– Definition
– Instance
• Attributes
– Characteristics that define object
– Differentiate objects of same class
– Value of attributes is object’s state
• Objects
– Specific, concrete instance of a class
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 Understanding Classes, Objects, and
Encapsulation (cont'd.)

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 Understanding Classes, Objects, and
Encapsulation (cont'd.)
• Method
– Self-contained block of program code
– Similar to procedure
• Encapsulation
– Refers to hiding of data and methods within object
– Provides security
– Keeps data and methods safe from inadvertent
changes

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 Understanding Inheritance and
Polymorphism
• Inheritance
– Important feature of object-oriented programs
– Classes share attributes and methods of existing
classes but with more specific features
– Helps you understand real-world objects
• Polymorphism
– Means “many forms”
– Allows same word to be interpreted correctly in
different situations based on context

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 Features of the Java Programming
Language
• Java
– Developed by Sun Microsystems
– Object-oriented language
– General-purpose
– Advantages
• Security features
• Architecturally neutral

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 Features of the Java Programming
Language (cont'd.)
• Java (cont'd.)
– Can be run on wide variety of computers
– Does not execute instructions on computer directly
– Runs on hypothetical computer known as Java
virtual machine (JVM)
• Source code
– Programming statements written in high-level
programming language

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 Features of the Java Programming
Language (cont'd.)
• Bytecode
– Statements saved in file
– Java compiler converts source code into binary
program
• Java interpreter
– Checks bytecode and communicates with operating
system
– Executes bytecode instructions line by line within
Java virtual machine

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 Features of the Java Programming
Language (cont'd.)

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 Java Program Types
• Applets
– Programs embedded in Web page
• Java applications
– Called Java stand-alone programs
– Console applications
• Support character output
– Windowed applications
• Menus
• Toolbars
• Dialog boxes

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 Analyzing a Java Application that
Produces Console Output
• Even simplest Java application involves fair
amount of confusing syntax
• Print “First Java application” on screen

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 Analyzing a Java Application that
Produces Console Output (cont'd.)

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 Understanding the Statement
that Produces the Output
• Literal string
– Will appear in output exactly as entered
– Written between double quotation marks
• Arguments
– Pieces of information passed to method
• Method
– Requires information to perform its task
• System class
– Refers to the standard output device for a system

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 Understanding the Statement
that Produces the Output (cont'd.)

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 Understanding the First Class
• Everything used within Java program must be part
of a class
• Define Java class using any name or identifier
• Requirements for identifiers
– Must begin with:
• Letter of English alphabet
• Or non-English letter (such as α or π)
• Underscore
• Dollar sign
– Cannot begin with digit

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 Understanding the First Class
(cont'd.)
• Requirements for identifiers
– Can only contain:
• Letters
• Digits
• Underscores
• Dollar signs
– Cannot be Java reserved keyword
– Cannot be true, false, or null
• Access specifier
– Defines how class can be accessed

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 Understanding the First Class
(cont'd.)

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 Understanding the First Class
(cont'd.)

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 Understanding the First Class
(cont'd.)

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 Understanding the First Class
(cont'd.)

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 Indent Style
• For every opening curly brace ( { ) in a Java
program, there must be a corresponding closing
curly brace ( } )
• Placement of the opening and closing curly braces
is not important to the compiler

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 Understanding the main() Method
• static
– Reserved keyword
– Means method accessible and usable even though
no objects of class exist
• void
– Use in main() method header
– Does not indicate main() method empty
– Indicates main() method does not return value
when called
– Doesn’t mean main() doesn’t produce output

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 Understanding the main() Method

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 Adding Comments to a Java Class
• Program comments
– Nonexecuting statements added to program for
documentation
– Use to leave notes for yourself or others
– Include author, date, class’s name or function
• Comment out a statement
– Turn it into a comment
– Compiler does not translate, and the JVM does not
execute its command

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 Adding Comments to a Java Class
(cont'd.)
• Types of Java comments
– Line comments
• Start with two forward slashes (//)
• Continue to end of current line
• Do not require ending symbol
– Block comments
• Start with forward slash and asterisk (/*)
• End with asterisk and forward slash (*/)

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 Adding Comments to a Java Class
(cont'd.)
• Types of Java comments (cont'd.)
– Javadoc comments
• Special case of block comments
• Begin with slash and two asterisks (/**)
• End with asterisk and forward slash (*/)
• Use to generate documentation

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 Adding Comments to a Java Class
(cont'd.)

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 Saving, Compiling, Running, and
Modifying a Java Application
• Saving a Java class
– Save class in file with exactly same name and .java
extension
• For public classes
• Class name and filename must match exactly
• Compiling a Java class
– Compile source code into bytecode
– Translate bytecode into executable statements
• Using Java interpreter
– Type javac First.java

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 Saving, Compiling, Running, and
Modifying a Java Application (cont'd.)
• Compilation outcomes
– javac unrecognized command
– Program language error messages
– No messages indicating successful completion
• Reasons for error messages
– Misspelled command javac
– Misspelled filename
– Not within correct subfolder or subdirectory on
command line
– Java not installed properly
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 Running a Java Application
• Run application from command line
– Type java First
• Shows application’s output in command window
• Class stored in folder named Java on C drive

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 Running a Java Application (cont'd.)

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 Modifying a Java Class
• Modify text file that contains existing class
• Save file with changes
– Using same filename
• Compile class with javac command
• Interpret class bytecode and execute class using
java command

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 Creating a Java Application
that Produces GUI Output
• JOptionPane
– Produces dialog boxes
• Dialog box
– GUI object resembling window
– Messages placed for display
• import statement
– Use to access built-in Java class
• Package
– Group of classes

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 Creating a Java Application
that Produces GUI Output (cont'd.)

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 Correcting Errors and
Finding Help
• First line of error message displays:
– Name of file where error found
– Line number
– Nature of error
• Next lines identify:
– Symbol
– Location
• Compile-time error
– Compiler detects violation of language rules
– Refuses to translate class to machine code
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 Correcting Errors and
Finding Help (cont'd.)
• Parsing
– Process compiler uses to divide source code into
meaningful portions
• Logic error
– Syntax correct but produces incorrect results when
executed
– Usually more difficult to find and resolve
• Java API
– Also called the Java class library
– Prewritten Java classes
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 You Do It
• Your first application
• Adding comments to a class
• Modifying a class
• Creating a dialog box

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 Don’t Do It
• File’s name must match name of class
• Don’t confuse these terms:
– Parentheses, braces, brackets, curly braces, square
brackets, and angle brackets
• Don’t forget to end a block comment
• Don’t forget that Java is case sensitive
• End every statement with semicolon
– Do not end class or method headers with semicolon
• Recompile when making changes

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 Summary
• Computer program
– Set of instructions that tells a computer what to do
• Object-oriented programs
– Classes
– Objects
– Applications
• Java virtual machine (JVM)
– Standardized hypothetical computer
• Everything in a Java program must be part of a
class
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 Summary (cont'd.)
• Access specifier
– Word that defines circumstances under which class
can be accessed
• All Java applications must have method named
main()
• Program comments
– Nonexecuting statements
– Add to file for documentation
• javac
– Compile command
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 Summary (cont'd.)
• java
– Execute command
• JOptionPane
– GUI
– Provides methods for creating dialogs

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