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Pressure Measurements

The document discusses different types of manometers used to measure pressure, including piezometer tubes, U-tube manometers, and inclined-tube manometers. It explains how each type of manometer works by relating pressure to the heights of liquid columns. Examples of problems are also provided showing how to use the different manometer designs to calculate pressure values.

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50 views13 pages

Pressure Measurements

The document discusses different types of manometers used to measure pressure, including piezometer tubes, U-tube manometers, and inclined-tube manometers. It explains how each type of manometer works by relating pressure to the heights of liquid columns. Examples of problems are also provided showing how to use the different manometer designs to calculate pressure values.

Uploaded by

CB Cañete
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRESSURE

MEASUREMENTS:
MANOMETERS
ENGR. RUDERICO M. ENDRIANO JR
EVSU-OCC
Manometry

 A standard technique for measuring pressure involves the use of liquid columns in
vertical or inclined tubes.
 Pressure measuring devices based on this technique are called manometers.
 Common types of manometers include the piezometer tube, the U-tube
manometer, and the inclined-tube manometer.
Piezometer Tube

 The simplest type of manometer consists


of a vertical tube, open at the top, and
attached to the container in which the
pressure is desired.
 The piezometer tube in the figure
indicates that the pressure pA can be
determined by a measurement of h1
through

p A   1h1
The piezometer tube is a very simple and accurate pressure measuring device but it
has several disadvantages:
 It is only suitable if the pressure in the container is greater than atmospheric
pressure (otherwise air would be sucked into the system), and
 The pressure to be measured must be relatively small so the required height of the
column is reasonable.
 The fluid in the container in which the pressure is to be measured must be a liquid
rather than a gas.
U-Tube Manometer

 To overcome the difficulties noted on the piezometers, another type of manometer


which is widely used consists of a tube formed into the shape of a U.
 The fluid in the manometer is called the gage fluid.
 To find the pressure pA in terms of the various column heights, we start at one end
of the system and work our way around the other end.
 For the U-tube manometer shown, we
will start at point A and work around to
the open end.

p A   1h1   2 h2  0
p A   2 h2   1h1
 A major advantage of the U-tube manometer lies in the fact that the gage fluid can
be different from the fluid in the container in which the pressure is to be
determined.
 For a given pressure the height, h2 is governed by the specific weight, γ2, of the
gage fluid used in the manometer.
 If the pressure pA is large, then a heavy gage fluid, such as mercury, can be used
and a reasonable column height can still be maintained.
 If the pressure pA is small, a lighter gage fluid, such as water, can be used so that
a relatively large column height (which is easily read) can be achieved.
Inclined Manometer

 To measure small pressure changes, an


inclined manometer is frequently used.
 One leg of the manometer is inclined at
an angle Ɵ, and the differential reading l2
is measured along the inclined tube.
 The difference in pressure pA-pB can be
expressed as

p A   1h1   2l2 sin    3 h3  pB


p A  pB   2l2 sin    3 h3   1h1
 The pressure difference between points 1 and 2 is due to the vertical distance
between the points, which can be expressed as l2sin Ɵ.
 For a relatively small angles the differential reading along the inclined tube can be
made large even for small pressure differences.
 The inclined-tube manometer is often used to measure small differences in gas
pressures so that if pipes A and B contain a gas then

p A  pB   2l2 sin 
p A  pB
l2 
 2 sin 
Problem 1

 A closed tank contains compressed air and oil (s


=0.90) as shown. A U-tube manometer using
mercury (s = 13.6) is connected to the tank as
shown. For column heights, h1 = 914 mm, h2 =
152 mm, and h3 = 229 mm, determine the
pressure reading (in MPa) of the gage.
Problem 2

A closed cylindrical tank filled with water


has a hemispherical dome and is connected to
an inverted piping system as shown. The
liquid in the top part of the piping system has
a specific gravity of 0.8, and the remaining
parts of the system are filled with water. If
the pressure gage reading at A is 60 kPa,
determine:
a. The pressure in pipe B
b. The pressure head in mm of Hg, at the
top of the dome, point C.
Problem 3

 A piston having a cross-sectional area of


0.07 m2 is located in a cylinder
containing water as shown. An open U-
tube manometer is connected to the
cylinder as shown. For h1 =60 mm and
h2 = 100 mm, what is the value of the
applied force P acting on the piston?
 The weight of the piston is negligible.
Problem 4

For the inclined-tube manometer, the


pressure in pipe A is 0.6 psi. The fluid in both
pipes A and B is water, and the gage fluid in
the manometer has a specific gravity of 2.6.
What is the pressure in pipe B corresponding
to the differential reading shown.

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