Comparison Cause Effect
Comparison Cause Effect
Recall a pattern
discussed in class and
state why this is important
in everyday activities.
Patterns of paragraph development writing across
disciplines
1. Narration X
2. Description X
3. Definition X
4. Exemplification-Classification X
5. Comparison and Contrast
6. Cause and Effect
7. Problem-Solution
8. Persuasive
Comparison and Contrast
❑ Comparison in writing discusses
elements that are similar.
❑ Contrast in writing discusses elements
or ideas that are different.
❑ A compare-and-contrast essay, then
analyzes two subjects comparing them,
contrasting them, or both.
Activity I: Using a Venn diagram or a T-chart, list the differences taken from
the text provided by the teacher
My sisters are as different as yin and yang in terms of personality, appearance
and intelligence. Tina, the middle child in the family, prefers staying at home than
going out with her friends. She is slim, petite and has dark skin. As she is not
sociable, she finds friends with the characters from the books she reads most of
the time. In addition, she is very clever in subjects like Math and Science which
made her graduate with Highest Honors from Senior High School. In contrast, my
youngest sister, Joni, is the opposite. She has an outgoing and friendly
personality. There is never a dull moment as she is always ready with stories to
tell. She is tall with a round plump face and fair skin. Being the youngest in the
family, she is often asked to perform during family gatherings since she sings and
dances well. My sisters may be different from each other but they adore one
another.
Signal words used to Compare-
Contrast
a time.
More examples:
Students who have Mr. Jones and Mr. Smith are immediately aware of the
difference in the lecturing manner of each teacher. Mr. Jones has a pleasant
voice, which helps hold the interest of the students. He pronounces clearly in a
rhythmic pattern emphasizing key words. His moderate tone and inflected words
make his lectures interesting. Mr. Jones also adds humor to his subject, and he
welcomes questions from students who do not understand the material. He
takes his time and explains slowly. He tries to make sure that his students
understand a concept before he moves on to something new, and he is very
enthusiastic about his subject. Mr. Smith, on the other hand, has a different tone,
pronunciation, expression and attitude from Mr. Jones. He has a booming voice,
which commands rather than teaches, and sometimes it is hard to understand
because he runs his words together. His lectures are not as interesting as those
of Mr. Jones, either, because Mr. Smith speaks in a boring monotone. He also
hates to be interrupted; feeling that he must cover everything without checking
for understanding among students. Mr. Smith teaches every class in a serious,
determined mood. Thus, as the above points illustrate, the lectures of both
teachers are quite dissimilar.
Block method
Students who have Mr. Smith and Mr. Jones are immediately aware of the
difference in the lecturing manner of each teacher. Mr. Jones has a pleasant
voice, which helps hold the interest of the students. Mr. Smith, however, has a
booming voice, which commands rather than teaches. Mr. Jones pronounces
clearly in a rhythmic pattern emphasizing key words. On the other hand, Mr.
Smith mumbles, running his words together. The moderate tone and inflected
words of Mr. Jones make his lectures more interesting than those of Mr. Smith,
who speaks in a boring monotone. Mr. Jones also adds humor to the subject,
whereas Mr. Smith is always serious about each lesson. Mr. Jones welcomes
questions from students who do not understand the material, as compared to
Mr. Smith who hates to be interrupted. Mr. Jones takes his time and explains
slowly, while Mr. Smith rushes through each lesson. Mr. Jones is very enthusiastic
about his subject; he tries to make sure everyone understands a concept before
he moves on to something new. Conversely, Mr. Smith is always in a determined
mood; he feels that he must cover everything without stopping. Clearly, each
teacher has an dissimilar approach to presenting information including their
tone, voice, and attitude about the subject matter they are presenting to
students.
Activity 2: Pair Work
Write a paragraph outline
regarding the similarity/difference
of Junior High School and Senior
High School.
Activity 3: Generalization
Complete the following statements to summarize
what you have learned in this lesson.
● A compare-and-contrast writing analyzes two
subjects by __________.
● The purpose of writing a comparison or contrast
essay is not to state the obvious but __________.
● The two main organizing strategies for compare-and-
contrast writing are: __________ and __________.
Cause and Effect
❑a text development pattern that explains why
something happens.
❑It also states what results in a particular event
produces.
❑ It usually gives a statement emphasizing the
cause and another emphasizing the effect.
The following guide questions can be used for cause-
effect development:
A series of ● Suggest the easiest and most obvious solution first, but if
steps that doesn’t work, try something else, etc.