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Comparison Cause Effect

The document discusses various patterns of paragraph development, including comparison and contrast. It provides examples of how to organize a comparison-contrast essay using either the block method or point-by-point method. Signal words for comparing and contrasting are outlined. Cause and effect and problem-solution patterns are also summarized, with examples of how to structure discussions of problems and solutions.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
91 views35 pages

Comparison Cause Effect

The document discusses various patterns of paragraph development, including comparison and contrast. It provides examples of how to organize a comparison-contrast essay using either the block method or point-by-point method. Signal words for comparing and contrasting are outlined. Cause and effect and problem-solution patterns are also summarized, with examples of how to structure discussions of problems and solutions.

Uploaded by

Mary Grace
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Let’s Review!

Recall a pattern
discussed in class and
state why this is important
in everyday activities.
Patterns of paragraph development writing across
disciplines
1. Narration X
2. Description X
3. Definition X
4. Exemplification-Classification X
5. Comparison and Contrast
6. Cause and Effect
7. Problem-Solution
8. Persuasive
Comparison and Contrast
❑ Comparison in writing discusses
elements that are similar.
❑ Contrast in writing discusses elements
or ideas that are different.
❑ A compare-and-contrast essay, then
analyzes two subjects comparing them,
contrasting them, or both.
Activity I: Using a Venn diagram or a T-chart, list the differences taken from
the text provided by the teacher
 
My sisters are as different as yin and yang in terms of personality, appearance
and intelligence. Tina, the middle child in the family, prefers staying at home than
going out with her friends. She is slim, petite and has dark skin. As she is not
sociable, she finds friends with the characters from the books she reads most of
the time. In addition, she is very clever in subjects like Math and Science which
made her graduate with Highest Honors from Senior High School. In contrast, my
youngest sister, Joni, is the opposite. She has an outgoing and friendly
personality. There is never a dull moment as she is always ready with stories to
tell. She is tall with a round plump face and fair skin. Being the youngest in the
family, she is often asked to perform during family gatherings since she sings and
dances well. My sisters may be different from each other but they adore one
another.
Signal words used to Compare-
Contrast

❑ Likewise, similar to, same with, like,


in the same manner

❑ On the other hand, however, while,


different with, in contrast

Can you give more?


What method was used in this example?
My sisters are as different as yin and yang in terms
of personality, appearance and intelligence. Tina,
the middle child in the family, prefers staying at
home than going out with her friends. She is slim,
petite and has dark skin. As she is not sociable, she
finds friends with the characters from the books she
reads most of the time. In addition, she is very
clever in subjects like Math and Science which
made her graduate with Highest Honors from
Senior High School.
In contrast, my youngest sister, Joni, is the
opposite. She has an outgoing and friendly
personality. There is never a dull moment as
she is always ready with stories to tell. She is
tall with a round plump face and fair skin.
Being the youngest in the family, she is often
asked to perform during family gatherings
since she sings and dances well. My sisters
may be different from each other but they
adore one another.
Two Ways to Organize Comparison-Contrast

❑ Block Method is used to compare and contrast


two subjects one at a time.

❑ Point-by-point is used to address one subject at

a time.
More examples:
Students who have Mr. Jones and Mr. Smith are immediately aware of the
difference in the lecturing manner of each teacher. Mr. Jones has a pleasant
voice, which helps hold the interest of the students. He pronounces clearly in a
rhythmic pattern emphasizing key words. His moderate tone and inflected words
make his lectures interesting. Mr. Jones also adds humor to his subject, and he
welcomes questions from students who do not understand the material. He
takes his time and explains slowly. He tries to make sure that his students
understand a concept before he moves on to something new, and he is very
enthusiastic about his subject. Mr. Smith, on the other hand, has a different tone,
pronunciation, expression and attitude from Mr. Jones. He has a booming voice,
which commands rather than teaches, and sometimes it is hard to understand
because he runs his words together. His lectures are not as interesting as those
of Mr. Jones, either, because Mr. Smith speaks in a boring monotone. He also
hates to be interrupted; feeling that he must cover everything without checking
for understanding among students. Mr. Smith teaches every class in a serious,
determined mood. Thus, as the above points illustrate, the lectures of both
teachers are quite dissimilar.
Block method
Students who have Mr. Smith and Mr. Jones are immediately aware of the
difference in the lecturing manner of each teacher. Mr. Jones has a pleasant
voice, which helps hold the interest of the students. Mr. Smith, however, has a
booming voice, which commands rather than teaches. Mr. Jones pronounces
clearly in a rhythmic pattern emphasizing key words. On the other hand, Mr.
Smith mumbles, running his words together. The moderate tone and inflected
words of Mr. Jones make his lectures more interesting than those of Mr. Smith,
who speaks in a boring monotone. Mr. Jones also adds humor to the subject,
whereas Mr. Smith is always serious about each lesson. Mr. Jones welcomes
questions from students who do not understand the material, as compared to
Mr. Smith who hates to be interrupted. Mr. Jones takes his time and explains
slowly, while Mr. Smith rushes through each lesson. Mr. Jones is very enthusiastic
about his subject; he tries to make sure everyone understands a concept before
he moves on to something new. Conversely, Mr. Smith is always in a determined
mood; he feels that he must cover everything without stopping. Clearly, each
teacher has an dissimilar approach to presenting information including their
tone, voice, and attitude about the subject matter they are presenting to
students.
Activity 2: Pair Work
Write a paragraph outline
regarding the similarity/difference
of Junior High School and Senior
High School.
Activity 3: Generalization
 
Complete the following statements to summarize
what you have learned in this lesson.
● A compare-and-contrast writing analyzes two
subjects by __________.
● The purpose of writing a comparison or contrast
essay is not to state the obvious but __________.
● The two main organizing strategies for compare-and-
contrast writing are: __________ and __________.
Cause and Effect
❑a text development pattern that explains why
something happens.
❑It also states what results in a particular event
produces.
❑ It usually gives a statement emphasizing the
cause and another emphasizing the effect.
The following guide questions can be used for cause-
effect development:

• Why did it happen?


• What caused it?
• What does it cause?
• What are its effects?
• How is it related to something else?
❑Some signal words that you can use to express
cause,
as a consequence of, as a result of, because, because
of, now that and since.

❑to signify effects


accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore,
and this resulted in
Example:

When water droplets join together, it becomes heavy.


This is caused by the rise and cool of water vapor,
which forms clouds in the sky. As a result, there will be
rain.
Read the passage carefully. Then, complete the diagram that
follows.
Discoveries and invention of devices are always welcome until we,
humans, find a way to abuse its benefits and be adversely affected by it.
This was the case when Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-ray and within
five years, the British Army was using a mobile x-ray unit to locate bullets
and shrapnel in wounded soldiers in Sudan. TV was also invented with
positive thoughts in mind – there would be no national borders, education
and communication would be worldwide, etc.. However, we are now trying
to overcome its physiological and psychological adverse effects on human
beings.
(Excerpt: Emmanuel Tatah Mentan, English Essay Writing Handbook Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2019.)
Quiz:
A. Tell whether the given text is appropriate or not for
a cause-and-effect text. Simply write “OK”, or “Not
OK” for your answer.

1. How to play drums


2. Impact to technology in education
3. Importance of daily reading habit
4. Increased drop-out rate in a school
5. The act of kindness
B. Complete the given statements to sum up the learning for
this lesson.
1. Cause and effect is a text development pattern explains
_______ something happens and states ___________results a
particular event produces.
2.__________focuses on: why did the topic happen; what
caused it; what does it cause; what are its effects; and, how is it
related to something else.
3. Signal words used in introducing cause include: _______
4. Signal words used in introducing effect include:________
Problem-Solution

❑ an essay presents a problem, usually discussing


several aspects of the problem, then concludes by
discussing solutions to the problem
The problem may be addressed in the following ways:

Effects only ● Describe the problem only in terms of its effects.


● Use examples.

Causes and ● Outline the causes of the problem.


effects ● Discuss solutions in terms of preventive
measures.
Extended ● After a topic sentence, illustrate the problem by
example using an extended example (through a story or an
anecdote from your introduction).
Here are some ways to present solutions
Preventive ● Ways to prevent the problem from occurring in the first
measures place
● For example: How to prevent Covid-19

A series of ● Suggest the easiest and most obvious solution first, but if
steps that doesn’t work, try something else, etc.

Advice ● Give some advice and helpful hints.


A choice of ● Include solutions that have already been tried, have been
solutions unsuccessful, and new solutions which you are proposing.
Transitional devices can also help you develop your text

Introduction Middle Section/ Conclusion


Body

● Nowadays… ●For instance… ● In conclusion…


● It is a common trend ●Such as/like… ● To conclude…
that… ●Namely… ● To sum up…
● Society is becoming
increasingly concerned
about…
example

Poverty is a word to beat. The whole world thrives on


getting rid of this seemingly irresistible dilemma. All
around the globe, the government, together with the
private sectors and other agencies, unite to improve
society's condition, most especially the far-flung areas.
Leaders from different countries gather in this weeklong
forum to discuss resolutions and plans for action.
Persuasive
❑ Persuasive text can be in the form of an argument,
discussion, exposition, review or even an advertisement.

❑ In developing your own persuasive text, a writer must first


state the issue.

❑ Then, followed by a clear, strong and specific argument.

❑ Argument is one’s claim or position that can either support


or reject the issue previously stated.
❑Arguments shall be supported with a well-researched
evidences, which will give details on how and why it
supports the argument.

❑Evidences can be factual, logical, statistical or anecdotal in


nature.

❑Lastly, a conclusion restating the main argument of the text


will be the end of the text. This will be your final statement
to persuade your readers.
Some guide questions in constructing a persuasive text
include:

● What is the issue?


● What is your position or opinion?
● What is the opposing position/opinion?
● What are some reasons for your position/opinion?
● What are some cases or examples that support this?
Assessment:Complete the statements to sum up your
key learning for this lesson.
1. __________ is a type of paragraph development that focuses on
presenting points of view
2. An __________ serves as a background information about the
topic.
3. An __________ is one’s claim or position that can either
support or reject the issue previously stated.
4. Arguments shall be supported with a well-researched ________.
5. A __________ restating the main argument of the text will be
the end of the text.

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