EEE 321

Digital Signal
Processing

Shidhartho Roy
Review
Signal:
• Any variable that carries or contains some kind of information that can
be conveyed, displayed or manipulated
• Any physical quantity that varies with time, space or any other
independent variable(s)
• Mathematically described as a function of one or more independent
variables
Ex. 𝒔𝟏 𝒕 = 𝟓𝒕
𝒔𝟐 𝒕 = 𝟐𝟎𝒕𝟐
𝒔 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟏𝟎𝒕𝟐
Speech signal, ECG, EEG
System: A physical device that performs an operation on a signal
Ex.
• Speech signals are generated by forcing air through the vocal cords.
• Images are obtained by exposing a photographic film to a scene or an
object
Review
Signal Processing:
Operation on a signal to produce desired output
Example.
A filter is used to reduce the noise and interference corrupting a desired
information-bearing signal
Digital Signal Processing (DSP):
• Concerned with the digital representation of signals and the use of digital
processors to analyze, modify and/or extract information from it
• A digital signal can be implemented as a combination of digital hardware
or software, each of which performs its own set of specified operations.
Basic Elements of DSP

Analog signal processing

Digital signal processing

Limitations
Speed and cost
Design time
Finite word
Signal Types
Generating source:
• Single channel / scalar
• Multi channel / vector
Dimension (number of dependent variable):
• 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, etc.
Continuity of independent variable and signal:
• Analog (CT)
• Sampled (DT)
• Quantized (Discrete)
• Digital
Certainty of description:
• Deterministic (linear/nonlinear)
• Random
• Chaotic
Statistical parameters:
• Stationary
• Non-stationary
Application Areas of
DSP
Image processing: pattern recognition, robotic vision, image
enhancement, facsimile, satellite weather map, animation
Instrument and control: spectrum analysis, position and
rate control, noise reduction, data compression
Speech / audio: speech recognition, speech synthesis, text to
speech,
digital audio, equalization
Military: secure communication, radar processing, sonar
processing, missile guidance
Telecommunications: echo cancellation, adaptive equalization,
modulation, spread spectrum, video conferencing, data
communication
Medical: patient monitoring, scanners, EEG mapping, ECG analysis,
X-ray storage / enhancement

Where not?
System Properties
Memory: Static (memoryless, resistor), dynamic (with memory, capacitor)
Invertibility: Distinct inputs result in distinct outputs, input can be determined
from output
Inverse: The inverse of a system is a second system that, when cascaded with the
system yields the identity system
Causality: A system is causal if the output at any time t0 is dependent on the
input only for t  t0
Stability: A system is stable if the output remains bounded for any bounded
input,
this type of stability is known as BIBO stability
Time Invariance: Any time shift in the input results only in the same time shift
in the output
Linearity: A system is linear if it meets the criteria of additivity and
homogeneity Principle of superposition is applicable in linear system
Additivity: if x1(t)  y1(t) & x2(t)  y2(t), then, x1(t)+ x2(t)  y1(t)+ y2(t)
Homogeneity: ax1(t)  ay1(t)
Superposition: a1x1(t) + a2x2(t)  a1y1(t) +a2y2(t)

2
Typical SP Operations
Elementary time-domain operations
Scaling (amplification/attenuation): multiplication by a +ve or –ve
constant
Delay: y(t) = x(t-t0)
Addition: y(t) = x1(t)+x2(t)-x3(t)+.......
Integration
Differentiation
Filtering: In addition to basic filters (LPF, HPF, BPF, BSF)
• Notch filter: band stop filter designed to block a single frequency
• Multiband filter: more than one PB and more than one SB
• Comb filter: designed to block frequencies that are
integral multiple of a certain low frequency
Generation of signal (prediction)
Modulation and demodulation
Multiplexing and demultiplexing
Thank you