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Spectrum Evolution

1) New generations of wireless technology have emerged approximately every 10 years since 1G analog networks in 1981, with 2G digital networks in 1992, 3G supporting multimedia in 2001, and 4G networks beginning deployment in 2011. 2) Concepts for mobile phone technology, such as frequency reuse and handoff between cells, were developed in the 1970s by Bell Labs and others. 3) Interim technologies like 2.5G GPRS and 2.75G EDGE provided improved data speeds between full 2G and 3G generations.

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94 views17 pages

Spectrum Evolution

1) New generations of wireless technology have emerged approximately every 10 years since 1G analog networks in 1981, with 2G digital networks in 1992, 3G supporting multimedia in 2001, and 4G networks beginning deployment in 2011. 2) Concepts for mobile phone technology, such as frequency reuse and handoff between cells, were developed in the 1970s by Bell Labs and others. 3) Interim technologies like 2.5G GPRS and 2.75G EDGE provided improved data speeds between full 2G and 3G generations.

Uploaded by

Miten Bhagtani
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Spectrum Evolution

New generations have appeared about every ten years since the first move from 1981 analog (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2001, by 3G multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and at least 200 kbit/s and in 2011 to be followed by 4G

Developments
In December 1947, Douglas H. Ring and W.Rae Young, Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones in vehicles The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff, as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology, were described in the 1970s Race between Motorola and Bell Labs

Mobile radio telephone(0 G)


Motorola with the Bell System -first commercial mobile telephone service Mobile Telephone System (MTS) in the US in 1946. First successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the ARP network in Finland

1G first-generation of wireless telephone technology


First commercially launched in Japan by NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) in 1979 In 1981-launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden Analog telecommunications Voice modulated to higher frequency, typically 150 MHz and up. NMT was the first mobile phone network featuring international roaming

2G second-generation wireless telephone technology


Commercially launched in Finland by Radiolinja in 1991 Phone conversations -digitally encrypted More efficient on the spectrum Greater mobile phone penetration levels Data services for mobile SMS text messages. More calls in same amount of radio bandwidth. Less radio power from the handsets.

Advantages
The lower power emissions address health concerns. SMS and email Less battery power, smaller batteries Digital error checking Better sound quality and low noise Greatly reduced fraud. With analog systems it was possible to have two or more cloned handsets that had the same phone number. Enhanced privacy. much harder to eavesdrop on by use of radio scanners.

Disadvantages
In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient to reach a cell tower. This tends to be a particular problem on 2G systems deployed on higher frequencies Had occasional dropouts. Lossy compression used by the codes -range of sound that they convey is reduced.

2.5G (second and a half generation)


General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 115 kbit/s Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access.

2.75G (EDGE)
GPRS1 networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding backward-compatible higher data-rates (up to 236.8 kbit/s) by switching to more sophisticated methods of coding (8PSK), within existing GSM timeslots.

3G
The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan, branded as FOMA 3G networks do not use the same radio frequencies as 2G expenses of upgrading transmission hardware enormous costs of additional spectrum licensing fees

3G India
11 December 2008India entered the 3G arena by Government owned Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd MTNL in Delhi and later inMumbai. The first Private-sector service provider that launched 3G services is Tata DoCoMo, on November 5, 2010 a minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and 384 kbit/s in a moving vehicle,

Applications of 3G
The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not previously available to mobile phone users. Some of the applications are: Mobile TV Video on demand Videoconferencing Telemedicine Location-based services

Limitations 3G
area-specific connectivity Hardware or software in 3G phones More power consumption on standard phones 3G services are expensive License cost

4G fourth generation of cellular wireless standards


100 Mbit/s for high mobility communication 1 Gbit/s for low mobility communication Dynamically share and use the network resources to support more simultaneous users per cell. Scalable channel bandwidth 520 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz

Advantages of 4G
Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks. Ability to offer high quality of service for next generation multimedia support. spatial multiplexing bandwidth conservation and power efficiency

Advantages conti
Higher bandwidth Better response time. Works at 2.6GHz frequency which means better coverage even though it uses the same tower where the receiver and transmitter for 3G is. Less time to build 4G because it use the same tower and fiber cables as 3Gs - they only have to upgrade the towers with 4G components.

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