Infrastructure Engineering Learning & Knowledge Management

5G Introduction and
Bootcamp
VILT 10th April 2023 to 12th April 2023

Vikas Mishra
(Senior Telecommunications Consultant)
Agenda – 12th April 2023

 5GC

 Network Functions

 Network Slicing

 MEC

 5G NR Protocol Stack

 IMT2020 (eMBB, mMTC and URLLC)

 5G Use cases, Products and Services

 5G Network Architecture and deployment options

 Similarities and differences between 4G/LTE and 5G

 Service Based Architecture

 RAN Technologies, NR, Spectrum, DRAN, SDRAN, CRAN, VRAN and ORAN
5GC

Functions: Authentication Security, Session management and aggregation of traffic from

end devices. Use NFV as an integral design concept with virtualized software functions in
the network.

The 5G core network architecture is specified in 3GPP Technical Specification 23.501

Network Functions
Authentication Server Function (AUSF):

EAP authentication server functionality and acts as storage for keys and provides keying
material to the requester NF.

Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF):

Responsible for termination of NAS signaling, NAS ciphering & integrity protection,
registration management, connection management, mobility management, access
authentication and authorization, security context management.

AMF also includes the Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF) and acts as the termination
point for RAN CP interfaces (N2).

Session Management Function (SMF):

It carries out session management (session establishment, modification and release), UE IP

address allocation & management, DHCP functions, termination of NAS signalling related to
session management, DL data notification and traffic steering configuration for UPF for
proper traffic routing.
Network Functions
User Plane Function (UPF):

Carries out packet routing & forwarding, packet inspection, QoS handling, acts as external
PDU session point of interconnect to Data Network (DN), and is an anchor point for intra-
& inter-RAT mobility. 7

Network Exposure Function (NEF)

Supports exposure of capabilities and events, secure provision of information from

external application to 3GPP network and translation of internal/external information. It
acts as an API gateway that allows external users, such as enterprises or partner operators,
the ability to monitor, provision and enforce application policy, for users inside the
operator network. Thus, it

a) Provides security when services or Application Functions (AF) access 5G Core nodes.

b) Acts as a proxy, or API aggregation point, or translator into the Core Network.
Network Functions
NF Repository Function (NRF):

Discovers network function instances. When it receives an NF discovery request from a NF

instance, it provides the discovered NF instances.

Maintains/supports:

a) Profiles of Network Function (NF) instances and their supported services within the
network. (Function ID, function type, network slice identifiers, capacity information,
supported services, and endpoint information such as IP addresses)

b) Service-Based Interfaces, Management & Maintenance.

Control-plane functions communicate with one another, via the NRF, over service-based
interfaces. These are self-contained software modules that are reusable independently of
each other and can be thought of as micro services. The network function is either a
producer or consumer of services.
Network Functions
Policy Control Function (PCF):

Carries out unified policy framework, providing policy rules to CP functions, access
subscription information for policy decisions in UDR. This provides a policy framework
incorporating network slicing, roaming and mobility management.

Unified Data Management (UDM)

Stores subscriber data and profiles and carries out generation of Authentication and Key
Agreement (AKA) credentials, user identification handling, access authorization, subscription
management.

Application Functions (AF)

Resembles an application server that can interact with the other control-plane NFs. AFs can
exist for different application services, and can be owned by the network operator or by
trusted third parties.
Service Based Architecture
Network Slicing
Network Slicing

The identification of a Network Slice is done via the Single Network Slice Selection
Assistance Information (S-NSSAI).

The NSSAI (Network Slice Selection Assistance Information) is a collection of up to eight (8)
S-NSSAIs, meaning that a single UE may be served by at most eight Network Slices at a time.

The S-NSSAI signaled by the UE to the network, assists the network in selecting a particular
Network Slice instance. An S-NSSAI is comprised of:

a) A Slice/Service type (SST), which refers to the expected Network Slice behaviour in terms
of features and services.

b) A Slice Differentiator (SD), which is an optional information that complements the

Slice/Service type(s) to differentiate amongst multiple Network Slices of the same
Slice/Service type.
MEC

a. User plane (re)selection: the 5G Core Network (re)selects UPF to route the user traffic to
the local Data Network
b. Local Routing and Traffic Steering: the 5G Core Network selects the traffic to be routed to
the applications in the local Data Network;
c. An Application Function may influence UPF (re)selection and traffic routing via PCF or NEF
d. Network capability exposure: 5G Core Network and Application Function to provide
information to each other via NEF
3D Beam Forming
mmWaves
mmWaves

Features Description
Data rate 10 Gbps or higher.
10 subcarriers of 100 MHz each will be able to provide 1GHz
bandwidth due to carrier aggregation sub 40 GHz frequency.
Bandwidths 500 MHz to 2 GHz bandwidth can be achieved without
carrier aggregation.
The bands are split into “less than 40 GHz” and “40GHz to
Frequency Bands
100 GHz” frequency ranges.
Modulation types CP-OFDMA < 40GHz SC > 40GHz
Distance coverage 2 meters (indoor) to 300 meters (outdoor).
Frame topology TDD
Latency About 1 ms
Massive MIMO is supported. Antennas are small; hence,
MIMO type approximately 16 antenna arrays will be available in 1 square
inch.
Benefits of mmWaves

Provides more bandwidth to accommodate more subscribers.

The narrow bandwidth in the millimeter range makes it suitable for use with small cells.

Coverage is not limited to the line of sight because the primary scatter path is feasible.

The channel probing feature is used to consider different types of mmWave frequency
loss in order for 5G networks to work well. Channel probing is the measurement or
estimation of channel characteristics that helps you successfully design, develop, and
deploy a 5G network with the required quality requirements.

Many antennas are packaged in smaller sizes due to the physically smaller size of their
antennas.

The 5G mmWave network supports multi-Gigabit backhaul up to 400 meters and cellular
access up to 200-300 meters.
5G NR Protocol Stack
5G NR Protocol Stack
5G NR Protocol Stack

Physical Layer Functions

•  Error detection on the transport channel and indication to higher layers

•  FEC encoding/decoding of the transport channel
•  Hybrid ARQ soft-combining
•  Rate matching of the coded transport channel to physical channels
•  Mapping of the coded transport channel onto physical channels
•  Power weighting of physical channels
•  Modulation and demodulation of physical channels
•  Frequency and time synchronisation
•  Radio characteristics measurements and indication to higher layers
•  Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna processing
•  Transmit Diversity (TX diversity)
•  Digital and Analog Beamforming
•  RF processing
5G NR Protocol Stack

MAC Layer Functions

•  Beam management
•  Random access procedure
•  Mapping between logical channels and transport channels
•  Concatenation of multiple MAC SDUs belonging to one logical channel into transport
block (TB)
•  Multiplexing/demultiplexing of 5G-MAC SDUs belonging to one or different logical
channels into/from transport blocks (TB) delivered to/from the physical layer on
transport channels
•  Scheduling information reporting
•  Error correction through HARQ
•  Priority handling between logical channels of one UE
•  Priority handling between UEs by means of dynamic scheduling
•  Transport format selection
•  Padding
5G NR Protocol Stack

RLC Layer Functions

•  Transfer of upper layer PDUs

•  Error Correction through ARQ (only for AM data transfer)
•  Reordering of 5G-RLC data PDUs (only for UM and AM data transfer)
•  Duplicate detection (only for UM and AM data transfer)
•  Protocol error detection (only for AM data transfer)
•  5G-RLC SDU discard (only for UM and AM data transfer)
•  Segmentation (only for UM and AM data transfer)
•  Resegmentation (only for AM data transfer)
•  5G-RLC re-establishment
5G Business Models

Business to Consumer (B2C) – these offerings will focus on using the capabilities and
characteristics of 5G networks to strengthen service offerings to end customers, such as
Fixed-Wireless and content, and will also include increasing bundling of partner services.
The monetization elements in these offerings will be QoS-based data, goods and
subscriptions including content, media, and partners.

Business to Business (B2B) – this is a large area of potential growth for service providers
who will attempt to increase value they bring to industry verticals and help drive Industry
4.0. Here they will attempt to monetize embedded connectivity, managed connectivity, VNFs
like security as well as facilitate intelligent operations and automation. They may also bring
partners to the table and enable advanced use cases like AR guided technical support.

Business to Business to Any (B2B2X) – this may be the biggest potential growth area for
operators. The flexible, virtual nature of 5G networks will enable service providers to equip
application developers and device manufacturers with embedded connectivity and virtual
network functions as a services in order to power their products. This has the potential to
be a new wholesale service for operators that can provide open platforms to these
customers to onboard themselves, equip themselves with services and settle with the
operator, easily and efficiently.
Any Questions?........

Thank You