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Atoms Mol Ion

This document discusses atoms, molecules, and ions. It defines atoms as the smallest particle of an element, and molecules as a group of two or more atoms chemically joined together. Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons, acquiring an electrical charge. Chemical formulas are used to represent the number and types of atoms in molecules. Models and symbols depict atoms and their subatomic structure.

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33 views20 pages

Atoms Mol Ion

This document discusses atoms, molecules, and ions. It defines atoms as the smallest particle of an element, and molecules as a group of two or more atoms chemically joined together. Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons, acquiring an electrical charge. Chemical formulas are used to represent the number and types of atoms in molecules. Models and symbols depict atoms and their subatomic structure.

Uploaded by

cmizalpccfu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER THREE

Atoms, Molecules
and Ions
Learning Objectives

You will learn


• about atoms and the use of symbols to
represent them
• about molecules and the use of formulae to
represent them
• the distinction between atoms and molecules
• about the kinds of particles that make up
elements and compounds
• about the structure of an atom in terms of
protons, neutrons and electrons
• how ions are formed from atoms
3.1 Atoms

What is an Atom???
Definition:
An atom is the smallest particle of an
element.

Each element is made up of its own type


of atoms. Atoms of the same element
have the same size and mass. The atoms
of dfferent atoms are of different sizes
and mass.
Models of Atoms

hydrogen oxygen carbon iron gold potassium

Atoms can be represented as small balls of different sizes.


Symbols for Atoms
Each atom has a symbol, similar to that for the element.

H O C Fe Au K
hydrogen oxygen carbon iron gold potassium

Atoms can also be represented by circles.

C O Fe
carbon oxygen iron
atom atom atom
Comparing Properties of Elements
with the Properties of Atoms

Substances Atoms

Colour May be coloured None

Strength Different strengths Not depicted

Hardness Different hardness Not depicted


3.2 From Atoms to Molecules

What is a Molecule???
Definition:
A molecule is a group of two or more
atoms chemically joined together.

Most non-metals consist of molecules.


Chlorine gas has two chlorine
atoms joined together.

Chlorine Cl2 –
an element (non-metal)

Most compounds also consist of


hydrogen
oxygen
atom atoms molecules. Since compounds are
made up of two or more different
elements joined together, the
water atoms in molecules must be of
different kinds.
water consists of many
water molecules H2O
Representing Molecules

What is aChemical
Formula???
Definition:
The chemical formula of a molecule
shows the number and kinds of atom
contained in it.
Chemical formula for a chlorine molecule:

symbol of chlorine
Cl2 subscript showing the number
of atoms present in one atom

Chemical formula for a water compound:

two hydrogen atoms


H2 O one oxygen atom
Molecular representation
for a chlorine molecule:
Cl Cl

Molecular representation
for a water compound: O
H H
Models of Some Molecules

oxygen O2 chlorine Cl2 molecules and formulae


of some non-metal
elements

bromine Br2 phosphorus P4 sulphur S4

molecules and formulae


of some compounds

carbon
water H2O methane CH4
dioxide CO2
3.3 What are Atoms Made of?

All matter is made up of atoms.

a simple model of an
atom as a solid ball

Atoms are made up of 3 smaller kinds of particles –


protons, neutrons and electrons.

subatomic particles

Particles Relative Charge

Electron -1
Proton +1

Neutron 0
A New Model of an Atom

• An atom has a small centre or nucleus. The protons and


neutrons are in the nucleus.
• The electrons whiz around the nucleus at nearly the
speed of light.
• Most part of the atom is empty space.

electron

An atom is electrically neutral.

number of protons = number of electrons

cloud of
electrons
nucleus { proton
neutron
How Do Atoms Differ?
The Periodic Table contains a list of all the elements.
Each element consists of atoms.

electron electron

proton nucleus { 22 protons


neutrons

simplified diagram of simplified diagram of


a hydrogen atom a helium atom
Proton Number

The number of protons in an atom is called the


proton number. The elements in the Periodic Table
are arranged in order of proton number.

part of a Periodic Table

The number of protons


in the atoms of an
element is fixed. A
change in the number
of protons changes the
element.
3.4 From Atoms to Ions

What is an Ion???
Definition:
Ions are atoms which have an electrical
charge.
An example of a compound, sodium chloride (also known as
common salt) is made from sodium ions (positively charged)
and chloride ions (negatively charged).

chloride ion

sodium ion

In a sodium atom, the number of protons is


balanced by an equal number of electrons.
A sodium forms an ion by losing the electron, thus
becoming electrically unbalanced by one positive charge.

sodium atom
Na loss of 1
electron
sodium ion
Na +

A chlorine atom gains one electron to form a chloride ion.


Therefore the ion has one extra negative charge.

chlorine atom
Cl gain of 1
electron
chlorine ion
Cl -
Some ions give colour to compounds.

Example 1: copper sulphate is blue

Copper is reddish brown. When atoms of copper


lose electrons, the copper ions turn the
compound blue when mixed with sulphur.

Example 2: many iron compounds are reddish-brown

Iron is grey. When atoms of iron lose electrons,


the iron ions turn the compound reddish-brown.

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