Unit-3

IoT & M2M

Outline
• Introduction to M2M
• Difference between M2M and IOT
• Software defined networks
• Network function virtualization
• Difference between SDN and NFV
• Need for IoT Systems Management
• SNMP
• Network Operator Requirements
• NETCONF
• YANG
• IoT Systems Management with NETCONF-YANG
M2M
• M2M is a term introduced by telecommunication service provider.
• M2M is machine to machine communication
• In machine to machine communication, one machine directly talks to
another machine, communicates with another machine without any
human intervention.
• Machine interactions Occur via telecom communication
networs(2G,3G,4G satellite or public networks)
M2M

• M2M is part of IOT.

• M2M scope is very less(betwee machine to machine only).
• IoT the scope is much bigger than IOT.
• interactions between not only machines and machines, things and things,
but also things and people, things and applications and people with
applications.
• An M2M connection is a point-to-point connection between two network
devices that allows them to transmit information via public networking
technologies such as Ethernet and cellular networks. 
Examples of M2M
M2M (machine to machine) communication is the technology that
allows our devices to talk to each other.
Without M2M communication, we wouldn’t be able to take cash out
of an ATM, and our smart meters wouldn’t be able to send automated
updates to our energy providers.
• In-car telemetry services
• Smart meters
• Smart asset tracking services
1. In-car telemetry services

• Several car manufacturers offer internet connectivity services for their customers. Occasionally,
these services allow you to use a built-in SIM card to access the world wide web on your smart-
phone or tablet, but in-car connectivity isn’t just about letting you browse your favorite sites.
• Built-in SIM cards are also used to relay important information about your car, sending a steady
stream of data to your manufacturer’s computer systems so they can see how well it is
performing.
• Some manufacturers use this data to improve future models, and may also offer more hands-on
help; contacting you if it looks like a part will need replacing soon, or automatically booking
service once your car clocks a certain number of miles.
• All of these services can be hugely convenient for the end-user, and allow car manufacturers to
offer a better service than they’d be able to if they couldn’t obtain information about your
vehicle. All of these services are also completely reliant on M2M technology, which allows your
car to send information to the processing computer.
2. Smart meters

• Smart meters (sometimes called utility meters) allow you to track energy
consumption in real-time. They also allow your energy provider to see how
much energy you’re using, which means that:
• You know exactly how much it costs to keep the lights on
• Your energy provider can track fluctuations in power consumption, and
manufacture power in more efficient ways
• You’ll never be surprised by a large bill
• Smart meters also require M2M technology in order to function. They work
by tracking your energy usage using a series of sensors, then transmit the
information directly to your energy provider using a foolproof M2M network.
3. Smart asset tracking services

• Asset tracking is an important concern for many businesses.

Particularly businesses in the shipping industry and/or businesses
with a large fleet of vehicles. Thanks to recent advances in M2M
technology, businesses that need to track their assets can now do so
using relatively inexpensive GPS trackers that are connected to an
M2M network.
• These GPS trackers allow the movement of vehicles to be tracked in
real-time. They also allow companies to gather useful data about the
fuel consumption, average trip times and driver performance, that
can be used to improve the efficiency of journeys and processes.
 M2M system Architecture
• Machine to Machine(M2M) refer to networking of machines(or
Devices) for the purpose of remote monitoring , control and data
exchange.
M2M system comprises of
1. Area networks
2. Communication network
3. Application domain.
M2M Gateway
• The communication between M2M nodes and gateway is based on
communication protocols which are native to M2M area network.
• M2M performs protocol translation to enable IP-connectivity for
M2M area network.
• M2M gateway acts as a proxy performing translation from/to native
protocols to/from Internet protocol(IP)
SDN
• Software-Defined Networking.
• Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is an approach to networking
that uses software-based controllers or application programming
interfaces (APIs) to communicate with underlying hardware
infrastructure and direct traffic on a network.
Limitations of conventional network
• Complex network devices
• Management overhead
• Limited scalability
SDN
• Software defined networking (SDN) is an approach via which we take
the control plane away from the switch and assign it to a centralised
unit called the SDN controller.
• Hence, a network administrator can shape traffic via a centralised
console without having to touch the individual switches. 
• The data plane still resides in the switch and when a packet enters a
switch, its forwarding activity is decided based on the entries of flow
tables, which are pre-assigned by the controller.
• A flow table consists of match fields (like input port number and
packet header) and instructions
SDN
• Then the instructions of the corresponding flow entry are executed.
The instructions can be forwarding the packet via one or multiple
ports, dropping the packet or adding headers to the packet.
• If a packet doesn’t find a corresponding match in the flow table, the
switch queries the controller which sends a new flow entry to the
switch. The switch forwards or drops the packet based on this flow
entry.
SDN architecture
• A typical SDN architecture consists of three layers.
• Application layer:
It contains the typical network applications like security, routing, traffic
engineering,intrusion detection,load balancing and different other applications
• Control layer:
It consists of the SDN controller which acts as the brain of the network
• Infrastructure layer:
This consists of physical switches which forms the data plane and carries out actual
movement of data packets.
• The layers communicate via a set of interfaces called
• the northbound APIs(between application and control layer)
• southbound APIs(between control and infrastructure layer).
SDN architecture
 SDN Architecture Components

SDN Architecture consist of different components. Components are:

1.Network Devices (Data Plane)
2. Conroller (Control Plane)
3.Application and Services (Application Plane)
4.Application programming interfaces
5. Flow rule
6.Network Operating System (NOS)
SDN Architecture Components

• Network Devices (Data Plane)

• Data Plane is consist of various Network devices both physical and Virtual. The
main duty of data plane is Forwarding. In the previous traditional networks,
both control and data plane was in the same device. But with SDN, network
devices has only data plane. So, the main role of these network devices is only
Forwarding the data. This provide a very efficient Forwarding mechanims.
SDN Controller (Control Plane)
• SDN Controller is the Center of the SDN Architecture and the most important
one of SDN Architecture Components. In other words, SDN Controller is the
brain of the system. The control of all the data plane devices are done via SDN
Controller. It also controls the Applications at Application Layer. SDN
Controller communicate and control these upper and lower layer
with APIs through Interfaces.
SDN Architecture Components
APIs
1.North bound API:wich is used for communication between control plane and application plane
2.South bound API:wich is used for communication between control plane and Data plane.
Flow rule
Switches forward the traffic based on flow rule defined by centralized controller
Traditionally routing table in every switch in conventional network.SDN maintains flow table at
every switch.
Flow rule:Every entry in flow table
To define the folw rules controller will use protocol i.e open flow
Open flow table
SDN Architecture Components
NOS
Network Operating System (NOS) is brain of the network which is
included in SDN controller.
Application plane performing functionalities like security, routing,
traffic engineering and different other applications.
Advantages and Disadvantages of SDN

• Advantages of SDN:
• Network is programmable hence can easily be modified via the controller rather than
individual switches.
• Switch hardware becomes cheaper since each switch only needs a data plane.
• Hardware is abstracted, hence applications can be written on top of controller independent
of switch vendor.
• Provides better security since the controller can monitor traffic and deploy security policies.
• For example, if the controller detects suspicious activity in network traffic, it can reroute or
drop the packets.
• Disadvantages of SDN:
The central dependency of the network means single point of failure, i.e. if the controller
gets corrupted, the entire network will be affected.