LESSON 2

INTRODUCTION
TO AUTOMOTIVE
 
 
AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING
 
Is a technical-vocational program that trains students
on how to inspect, maintain, and repair light and
heavy-duty automotive vehicles.
 
Consist of the competencies that must be obtained by
an individual to perform basic engine maintenance,
removal and installation of vehicle components for
both diesel and gasoline powered vehicles. It also
includes both mechanical and electrical parts, including
battery, ignition, clutch, brake, lighting,steering.
 
 The Automotive technology career
I. Opportunities in the automotive field
 
A. According to statistics from the U.S. Department of
Labor, over 800,000 people in the United States
are employed as automotive service technicians
and mechanics.

1. Most are employed in the following businesses:

a. Automotive repair and maintenance shops

b. Automobile dealers
c. Retailers and wholesalers of automotive parts,
accessories, and supplies
 
2. Others work in the following businesses or
organizations:
 
a. Gas stations
b. Home and automotive supply stores
c. Automotive equipment rental and leasing
companies
d. Federal, state, and local governments

3. Over 16% own their own business.

 
B. Many job opportunities are available that relate directly and indirectly to the
automotive technology field.
 
1. Opportunities directly related to automotive technology
 
a. Automotive technician- (changing oil)
b. Automotive technician's apprentice- assistance
c. Repair shop supervisor- keep records
d. Exhaust and emissions technician- test the vehicle exhaust emissions, wastes.
e. Tune-up technician -> will be the one who asists the tune -up.
f. Service writer- responsible in assisting costumers needs
g. Mechanical unit repairer- restoration and replacement
h. Technician in automotive manufacturing plants- tig upgrade sa mga sakyanan
i. Air conditioning technician- do the diagnosis of air conditioning of the vehicle
j. Engine technician- the one to check the engine of the vehicle
k. Teacher or trainer- one who become an instructor.
NOTE: Many graduates of automotive technology
programs qualify to pursue a career as a teacher or
trainer with little or no extra training required for an
entry-level
position.
 
l. Diesel technician-
m. Bus inspector- the one who inspect for the bus
driver
n. Tractor technician-
o. Parts salvager- the one who check the parts of the
vehicle
 
2. Opportunities indirectly related to automotive
technology
 
a. Farm equipment technician-
b. Aircraft technician-
c. Office equipment service technician/service
representative-
d. Machine Air conditioning and heating service
apprentice-
f. Industrial machine maintenance technician
g. Small engine technician- chainsaw, pumpboat
h. Marine equipment technician-
i. Motorcycle technician-
II. Training and certification
A. Repairing and maintaining today’s sophisticated
vehicles requires knowledge in many diverse
systems and technologically advanced areas.
 
1. The days of getting a job based on performing
automotive repair as a hobby or tinkering in the
garage are gone.
 
2. Most job opportunities require formal training in
automotive technology in high school or a
postsecondary school or college.
 
B. Certifying organizations
 
1. As stated on their Web site, the National Institute for Automotive Service
Excellence (ASE) is a nonprofit organization that aims to “improve the quality of
vehicle repair and service
through the testing and certification of repair and service professionals. “
 
 
a. Automotive technicians can be certified in one or more of the eight areas
below.
• Brakes
• Electrical/electrical systems
• Engine performance-
• Suspension and steering- control of vehicle and iits weight
• Automatic transmission and transaxle
• Engine repair
• Heating and air conditioninginist apprentice
• Manual drive train and axles
III. Job prospects in the automotive
technology field
 
A. Prospects are very good for individuals with training and
skills in diagnosis, problem solving, electronics, and
mathematics. Knowledge in electronics has become crucial
because most vehicle concerns involve working with or
analyzing the electrical system. According to
the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, “electronics now
control more than 86% of all systems in a typical vehicle.”
 
B. Many employers in the industry have reported that there is
a shortage of automotive technicians and they have difficulty
hiring individuals with education and experience in the areas
desired.
IV. Common methods used to pay automotive
technicians
 
A. Hourly–The technician is paid for the time he or she puts in.
 
B. Salary–A salary is a set amount of money, usually 40 hours per
week, regardless of the volume of work performed.
 
C. Flat rate–The technician is paid his or her hourly wage
multiplied by the time listed for a specific job in a factory flat-
rate manual or an aftermarket labor time guide. These guides
are sometimes called parts and labor estimating guides.
Technicians refer to these as “book
hours.” The technician is paid this flat rate regardless of the time
spent on a job.
 
D. Hourly plus a percentage of labor and parts
V. Other facts about working as an automotive
technician
 
A. Automotive technician’s use many different tools and equipment,
including those in the following list. Technicians usually purchase their
own hand tools, whereas the shop provides the more expensive power
tools and equipment.
 
1. Common hand tools
2. Power tools
3. Machine tools
4. Welding and oxyfuel cutting equipment
5. Lifts and jacks
6. Computers to perform administrative tasks and access service
information
7. Computerized diagnostic equipment
8. Measuring tools
9. Test instruments
10. Other specialty tools, depending on the automotive technology area
 
B. Some shops are unionized, which means that
technicians employed there are subject to union
rules regarding pay and other issues. For example,
the technician may be required to work for 2 years
as an apprentice before advancing to the journey
level. The union also functions to help employees
negotiate with their employers regarding salaries
and working conditions.
VI. Safety protecting yourself and others in the shop
 
I. Responsibility for safety
 
A. Safety in the automotive shop is the responsibility
of everyone. Safety means protecting yourself and
others from injury at all times. Working in the shop
requires the use of a large variety of tools, materials,
and equipment that can injure the worker and
others in the
shop if not properly handled.
 
B. Safety in the shop includes the items listed
below.
 
1. Following federal guidelines for safe practices -
mandatory guidelines
2. Keeping the shop free of hazards
3. Using protective clothing and equipment
4. Handling and using materials containing
potentially harmful
chemicals correctly
5. Using hand tools, power tools, and equipment
correctly
6. Following welding safety rules
II. Federal guidelines for safe practices

A. Two federal agencies issue guidelines and oversee

safety in the workplace:
 
1. OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health
Administration) issues guidelines concerning safety
for the worker.
 
2. The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) issues
guidelines concerning safety for the environment.
 
III. General shop safety rules
 
A. During the course of working in the shop, an automotive
technician moves from one area of the shop to another, moving
parts and equipment around the shop and performing varied
tasks. It is important that the shop floor be free of hazards that
could cause technicians to slip or trip.
 
B. In a wide variety of shop tasks, waste materials are produced
that can cause dangerous situations unless the waste materials
are disposed of or stored properly.
 
C. Always be sure that shop exits are well-marked with an “EXIT”
sign and are clear of obstructions.
 
D. For personal safety and to help keep the shop free of hazards,
always comply with the following safety rules.
1. Work quietly and focus solely on the job at hand.
2. Do not leave creepers laying on the floor. Always stand them
against the wall, wheels outward, when not in use.
3. Do not indulge in horseplay in the shop. Immature and
improper behavior in the shop can cause serious accidents.
4. Before performing a task, consider the relevant safety
precautions related to the task and formulate a prevention plan
for each hazard.
5. Always wear protective clothing and equipment in any
situation where it is necessary
6. Wear protective eyewear at all times in the shop area.  
7. Do not wear rings, bracelets, watches, or necklaces when
working around moving machinery or electrical equipment.
 
8. Do not put sharp objects into the pockets of work clothes. They could cause
personal injury or damage to a vehicle’s interior.
 
9. Keep hands free from oil and grease.
 
10. Wipe up grease and other spills from the shop floor immediately, or at least
put an oil-absorbing compound over them.
 
11. When cleaning up flammable liquids, always dispose of the rags in a metal
container with a tight-fitting lid.

12. Do not look in the direction of another person who is welding.

 
13. Do not run a vehicle engine inside a closed garage unless the vehicle
exhaust is hooked up to exhaust ventilation equipment. A deadly amount of
carbon monoxide, which is present in the
exhaust, can collect in a very short time.
 
14. Do not smoke in the shop, except in an area designated for smoking.
 
 
15. When pumping a flammable liquid from a large container
into a small one, be sure to first attach a ground wire between
both containers.
 
16. Always be alert for hazardous situations in the shop.
Promptly correct them, if possible, and inform the instructor
of the situation.
 
17. If road testing a vehicle, always use seat belts, even if only
going a short distance.
 
18. Disconnect the battery as appropriate. This eliminates
hazards from shorts that could occur during repair
procedures.
 
19. When parts are removed from a vehicle, they should be
stored away from the work area (on a bench or, if large parts,
against a wall).
 
20. Asbestos particles can cause cancer. Asbestos is found in
brake shoes and clutches. Therefore, wear a particle mask
when doing any cleaning work on brake or clutch parts. Do not
use compressed air to clean brake or clutch parts.
 
21. Do not let the leads on testing equipment fall into the fan of
a vehicle while the engine is running. Electric fan motors can
turn on even with the ignition off.
 
22. Do not play with fire extinguishers. Use fire extinguishers
only to extinguish fires.
 
23. Always read the labels on chemicals and materials and
follow the instructions.
IV. General safety rules for handling tools and
equipment
 
A. Do not operate any piece of equipment unless trained in the use of the
equipment.
 
B. Even if instructed in the use of a piece of equipment, do not use it unless
given specific permission by the instructor.
 
C. Select the tool or piece of equipment that will handle the job in the safest
and most efficient manner. Use tools or equipment only as recommended by
the manufacturer.
 
D. Before using a tool or piece of equipment, inspect it for defects, missing or
improperly adjusted safety guards, and any other missing or malfunctioning
parts.
 
E. Maintain and store tools and equipment properly. Develop a regular
maintenance schedule for shop equipment. Discard, repair, or replace worn
tools because worn tools can be a safety hazard and adversely affect work
quality.
F. Do not use compressed air to blow dirt from clothes and do not point a
compressed-air hose at another person.
 
G. When using compressed air for cleaning objects in the shop, the air
pressure must not be more than 30 pounds per square inch (psi).
 
H. Keep tools, especially tool handles, free from oil and grease.
 
Before using a tool, check the handle to make sure it is secure. For
example, a hammer with a loose handle is unsafe because the head may
fly off during use.
 
 
J. When operating electric tools, use the proper precautions to avoid
electric shock.
 
K. Before inspecting or making adjustments to pneumatic or electric tools,
always disconnect them from the air or power supply.
V. Electric welding safety
 
A. Protection from electric shock

1. Make sure the welder is installed and hooked up properly.

 
2. Do not use equipment that is damaged or defective, such as an
electrode holder with damaged insulation.
 
3. Do not put the electrode holder in water to cool it.
 
4. Do not use water to extinguish an electrical fire or any fire near
the welder.
 
5. Keep the work area, equipment, and clothing dry when using
electric welders because even a slight amount of moisture can
conduct enough electricity to cause a severe shock.
 
B. Protection from burns and fire
 
1. Make sure the work area is as fire resistant as possible.
 
2. Do not drag welding cables or hoses through dirt or oil, and
do not pull on a cable to force it over an obstruction.
 
3. Take precautions when handling hot work pieces. Use tongs
or pliers, not hands, to pick up hot metal.
 
4. Radiation from a welding arc is strong enough to sunburn or
sometimes blister bare skin if the exposure is intense or for an
extended period, so the arms, legs, and torso should be
covered
with durable, flame-resistant clothing.
 
5. Keep the work area clean and free of trash,
grease, oil, and other flammable materials.
 
6. Keep a fire extinguisher, first-aid kit, and safety
equipment within easy reach.
 
7. Do not drape an electric welding cable over any
type of gas cylinder, and do not strike an arc on gas
cylinder.
C. Protection from arc rays
 
1. A welding arc produces ultraviolet and infrared radiation
that can severely burn eyes that are unprotected with a proper
shade of protective lens.
 
NOTE: A welding hood or helmet protects the head from flying
sparks and the shaded lens protects the eyes.
 
2. Make sure all others in the welding area are wearing eye
protection as well.
 
3. When using a welder, enclose the welding area to protect
others from the dangers of arc rays.
 
D. Protection from toxic fumes and vapors
 
1. Many welding activities produce toxic fumes and vapors that are
hazardous to breathe, and every work station should be equipped with a
ventilation or exhaust system capable of safely
removing dangerous and irritating smoke and contaminants.
 
 
2. In confined areas where the hazard of toxic fumes is increased, a welder
should wear an air-supplied respirator or a selfcontained breathing
apparatus, not a filter-type mask that
cannot compensate for oxygen displacement.

 
3. Clean the metal before welding. Cleaning the metal helps remove any
chemical that might mix with the fumes produced by welding.
 
VI. Oxyacetylene welding and cutting safety
A. Protection from burns (from heat or light rays), fire, and explosions
 
1. Do not allow oil or grease to come in contact with oxygen under
pressure.
  
2. Do not use oxygen as a substitute for compressed air.
 
3. Before starting to weld or cut, make certain there is no flammable
material nearby.
 
4. Always wear welding goggles and heavy gloves when working with a
lighted torch.
 
5. Wear welding goggles and protective clothing that blocks harmful light
from the acetylene flame.
 
 
6. When using a welder, enclose the welding area to
protect others from the dangers of acetylene flames.
 
7. Do not use matches for lighting acetylene torches. A
spark lighter, held at an angle, should be used to light a
torch.
 
8. Do not relight oxyacetylene flames on a hot work
section in a small confined space.
 
9. Do not use acetylene at a pressure above 15 psi.
  
10. Use particular caution when welding or cutting in
dusty or dirty locations.
 
 
B. Protection from toxic fumes and vapors
 
1. Many welding or cutting activities produce toxic fumes and vapors
that are hazardous to breathe, and every work station should be
equipped with a ventilation or exhaust system
capable of safely removing dangerous and irritating smoke and
contaminants.
 
CAUTION: Always position the head to the side of rising fumes.

2.In confined areas where the hazard of toxic fumes is increased, a

welder should wear an air-supplied respirator or a sell contained
breathing apparatus, not a filter-type mask that cannot compensate
for oxygen displacement.

CAUTION: Argon is much heavier than air and quickly displaces oxygen,
so be especially careful using the MIG process in a confined area, even
though the area appears to have adequate ventilation.
3. Clean the metal before welding or cutting. Cleaning the metal helps
remove any chemical that might mix with the fumes produced by the
process.

4. Some of the materials that give off especially toxic fumes are brass,
bronze, galvanized materials, iron or steel coated with lead, or paint
containing lead.

C. Safe handling of gas cylinders

CAUTION: The acetylene and oxygen cylinders are highly pressurized and
may explode if not handled properly.

1.Oxygen and acetylene cylinders must be stored in a ventilated area and

must be kept separate. Allow at least 20 ft between oxygen cylinders and
acetylene cylinders.

2. All gas cylinders must be secured in both the storage area and on the
wheeled cart with a safety chain or approved lashing.
3. The protective caps must be in place any time the cylinders are
not in use.

4. Do not move the cylinders without protective caps in place.

5. Do not drop or knock cylinders around.

6. Do not tamper with safety devices or markings on a cylinder.

7. Do not use a hammer or wrench to open a cylinder valve.

8. Do not move a cylinder unless confident in handling it.

9. Always move a gas cylinder by using a hand truck with a safety

chain or by tilting it slightly and rolling it on its bottom edge with
one hand on the protective cap.
VII. Lifting safety
A. The technician will encounter many situations in which heavy objects
must be lifted from the floor. Back injuries are common if lifting is not done
properly.

B. Alternatives to lifting heavy objects

1. Avoid lifting, if possible.

2. Move heavy objects by pushing, pulling, rolling, or sliding.

3. Use hoists, jacks, carts, and wheel trucks when possible.

C. To avoid injury when lifting a heavy object, use a mechanical device or

get the assistance of another person.
D. Steps of procedure to lift an object
CAUTION: Do not lift in an area where the floor is wet or greasy.
1. Spread the feet slightly, until comfortable, with one foot slightly ahead of the
other and along side of the object.

2. Bend the knees, kneel, or squat; do not bend the back.

3. Use blocking under objects to get a hand hold.

4. Get a good grip and use gloves if the object has sharp or jagged surfaces.

5. Lift with the leg, arm, and shoulder muscles, straightening the legs and coming to
a standing position.

6. Shift the feet to turn; do not twist.

7. Lower the load by bending the knees, keeping the back straight and using leg and
arm muscles, and keep fingers and toes clear of objects.

8. Use blocking to keep from pinching the fingers when setting the object down.
VIII. Personal protective clothing and equipment
CAUTION: Personal protective clothing and equipment should not be
considered the first line of defense against injury but rather as backup
protection.

A. Wear protective eyewear at all times in the shop areas

NOTE: The law requires that protective eyewear be available and worn in
career and technical education courses where there is a reasonable probability
of injury.

1. Special splash-resistant goggles are worn when there is a potential chemical

hazard.

2. When welding, a welding hood or helmet must be worn to protect the head
from flying sparks and protect the eyes from burns.

3. Tinted goggles may be required if welding is being performed close to the

work area. Consult the instructor for the appropriate tinted goggles for the
welding operation.
4. Proper glasses and wire mesh goggles or plastic spectacles with side shields
are required in impact hazard areas, such as grinding areas.

5. Every person, including visitors, must wear industrial-quality protective

eyewear at all times in the shop area.

B. Wear a full face shield in situations where sharp flying objects could injure
the face

C. Respiratory protection is sometimes necessary. Respiratory devices consist

of a mesh that covers the nose and mouth. Wear a respiratory mask when
doing tasks that can create dust.

D. Noise in the shop can cause hearing damage, depending on the level and
duration. Wearing ear plugs and ear muffs helps protect the ears from noise
created by equipment such as pneumatic tools, grinders, and engines.

E. Adequate footwear should be worn in the shop area. Feet can easily be
crushed, cut, or punctured if not properly protected.
1. Footwear should have leather or rubber oil-resistant soles.

2. Footwear should provide a full leather or strong fabric cover for the entire
foot up to the ankles.

NOTE: Footwear with steel-reinforced toes provides even more protection.

3. High-top leather boots are recommended for welding operations.

F. Protective clothing for the body and hands reduces the hazard of
injury and protects street clothing

1. Gloves and hand leathers are important pieces of protective clothing.

Different tasks require different materials (e.g., rubber gloves are worn when
handling caustic chemicals and heavy leather gloves with gauntlets are worn
when welding)

CAUTION: If operating machinery and wearing gloves, the gloves may become
entangled in the moving parts.
2. Aprons are used to protect from sparks, hot metal splashes,
and splashing liquids. The material should be suitable for the
intended use.

CAUTION: Never wear loose aprons around revolving or

reciprocating machinery.

3. Coveralls protect the body. Overalls, a variation of coveralls,

do not have sleeves. Fire-resistant coveralls made of cotton or
wool are recommended for welding operations:

4. Shop coats provide protection against dirt and grease that

soil street clothing. These also offer some protection against
chemicals and hot substances
IX. The importance of proper grooming and hygiene
A. Long hair can become caught in moving machinery, which can result in a portion of
scalp being lost or pulled into the machinery. Keep long hair out of machinery by
pinning it up or wearing a cap.

B. Jewelry should not be worn in the shop. See section III in this lesson for the specific
hazards related to jewelry.

C. Having greasy hands can cause slippage when working with hand tools. Grease also
soils interiors and paint. Having grease on work shoes can spread grease across the
shop floor, which increases the risk of slipping and falling. Dirty, greasy

D. coveralls/overalls and shoes can ruin vehicle interiors.

E. Having brake fluid and other chemicals on the hands could allow accidental transfer
to painted surfaces and cause expensive repairs.

F. Protective eyewear that is dirty and scratched is difficult to see through. Protective
eyewear should be kept clean. Do not place the lenses down on the floor or table. The
soft, plastic coating can easily be scratched.
X. Hazardous materials safety
A. Five general safety rules

CAUTION: Consult the instructor before using an unfamiliar product.

1. Follow the manufacturer's recommendations. Refer to material safety

data sheets (MSDSs). See Lesson 4 for information about MSDS

2. Carefully read the product label for correct uses and hazards,

3. Be careful to prevent spills, damage to the vehicle, or unsafe

situations/conditions.

4. Properly store chemicals and used rags.

5. Use chemicals only for their intended purposes.

B. Hazardous materials include the following:

NOTE: The following list includes some of the more common chemicals
found in the shop and is not meant to be all-inclusive. See Unit III for the
safety precautions and uses of these chemicals.

1.Solvents and acids - Part-washing solvents, choke and carburetor cleaner,

brake cleaner, gasket remover, digestive-type carburetor cleaner, and
vehicle battery acid

2. Lubricants - Rust-penetrating oil, silicone lubricant, liquid graphite,

motor oil, automatic transmission fluid, power steering fluid, gear lube,
hydraulic fluids, various greases, and specialty additives (e.g, oil treatment
and gas treatment)

3. Gases and dust - Gases in engine exhaust, vapors from gasoline,

refrigerant gas, and asbestos dust from brake and clutch linings
C. Safety from skin damage and fire

1. Many chemicals in the shop pose a hazard to the skin and eyes. Follow the
safety precautions on the product label.
2. Keep electrical devices, sparks, and any hot material away from flammable
chemicals.

D. Safety from toxic fumes

CAUTION: Breathing toxic fumes can cause dizziness, nausea, headaches,

unconsciousness, and can even lead to death.
1. A common source of toxic fumes in the shop is the exhaust from a running
engine. Each time a vehicle's engine is run in the shop, exhaust ventilation
equipment should be attached to the vehicle to properly vent the carbon
monoxide, a poisonous gas emitted in the exhaust.
CAUTION: Be sure to use approved exhaust ventilation equipment when
operating a vehicle in an enclosed area.
2 Whenever fumes or vapors are present, be sure to turn on the shop's
ventilation system as soon as possible to remove them.
3. Use breathing protection, such as a respirator, when working with any
materials or chemicals that could be hazardous if inhaled.
XI. Safety precautions for supplemental restraint systems (SRSs)
and antilock brake systems (ABSs)

NOTE: Technicians need to be aware of special safety considerations when

working on or around these systems.

A. SRS or air bag system

1.First appearing in a few 1985-model vehicles, air bag systems are standard
equipment on most vehicles on the road today. A ruling by the National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration required all new passenger cars to have
dual air bags (one on the driver's side and one on the passenger's side) by 1998
and all new light trucks to have dual air bags by 1999.

2. The SRS is designed to inflate when a vehicle collides head- on with an object
at a speed of more than 14 mph. During the collision, the driver and passenger
impact the air bag rather than the steering column or dashboard.
3. In addition to driver-side and passenger-side air bags, some vehicles
may be equipped with side-impact, window, and rear- seat air bags.

4. Air bags are relatively new devices. New safety issues. regarding air
bags are continually being recognized and studied.

5. Air bags must be used with seat belts, shoulder harnesses, and the
proper headrests to provide maximum protection.

NOTE: It is important for everyone in the automotive industry. including

automotive technicians, to explain to the public that the SRS alone does
not provide maximum protection in a collision

6. Before working near a vehicle's air bags, be sure they are disabled.

CAUTION: The force of an air bag can break bones and cause other serious
injuries.
7. Even if an air bag has been disabled, the air bag may deploy if the diagnostic
module's reserve power has not been depleted.
CAUTION: The diagnostic module keeps the air bag activated for some time after
the negative battery cable has been disconnected. Wait until the diagnostic
module's reserve power has depleted before working on or around the SRS. The
time can vary from a few seconds to over 30 minutes.

B. ABS
1. An ABS helps the driver maintain control of the vehicle when braking. If the
wheels lock during braking, the vehicle may slide out of control. The antilock
system prevents the brakes from being applied hard enough to lock the wheels.

2. Even when the antilock system closes down, normal power-assisted braking
remains. A warning light located in the instrument panel indicates problems.
Listed below are general precautions to observe when servicing the ABS

CAUTION: Failure to observe these precautions may result in personal injury and
damage to the ABS.
a. Follow the service information carefully. Use the proper service information for
the vehicle. Using the wrong sequence of service steps, skipping steps, or using the
wrong information leads to unnecessary replacement of parts.

b. Some brake parts contain asbestos fibers that can become airborne as dust
during brake service. Follow the latest federal procedures when working with
asbestos.

CAUTION: Asbestos is a cancer-causing substance. Do not breathe asbestos dust or

allow it to escape into the air.

c. Many components of an ABS are not serviceable replace them as an assembly.

Disassembling an ABS component that is not designed to be serviced may cause
personal injury or system malfunction

d. There is no one bleeding procedure that applies to all ABS Procedures vary
greatly from system to system To bleed a vehicle with an ABS, use the
manufacturer's specific bleeding method for the vehicle being serviced.

e. If using electric are welding equipment on a vehicle with an ABS, disconnect the
battery and powertrain control module (PCM)
f. An ABS operates at very high pressures. Always depressurize the accumulator
before servicing the ABS
f. An ABS operates at very high pressures. Always depressurize the
accumulator before servicing the ABS

g. To protect the control module, never disconnect or connect any ABS

connector while the ignition switch is on.

h. Portions of an ABS operate at very low system voltages; therefore,

never use a conventional 12-volt test light to probe circuits. A
conventional 12-volt test light can damage the antilock components.
Always use a high- impedance digital multimeter (DMM) to probe the
circuits.

i. When working with wiring on an ABS, never touch the electrical

connections or pins or allow them to contact the brake fluid. This kind of
contact damages the PCM.

j. Before test driving a vehicle with a brake problem, test the brakes at a
low speed to be sure that the car stops normally.
C. Procedures for identifying vehicles equipped with an SRS
and ABS

1. On some vehicles, the vehicle identification number

(VIN) indicates that the vehicle is equipped with an SRS and
ABS. Check the manufacturer's service information to
determine what digits indicate that the vehicle is equipped
with an SPS and ABS.

2. The schematics may also come with various warnings

that the vehicle is equipped with an SRS and ABS.

3. Some vehicles have a mark on the steering wheel cover

to indicate an SRS.
LESSON 2: SHOP SAFETY FEATURES AND EMERGENCY
PROCEDURES
I. Observe the following guidelines about safety features and equipment in a
shop.
 
A. Walk around the shop to become familiar with the various areas (e.g., work
bays, management offices, parts department, customer waiting area) and the
traffic flow of vehicles coming in and out of the shop.
 
B. Note the location of shop exits, which should be well-marked with an
"EXIT" sign. Keep the area around the exits free of obstructions.
 
C. Be familiar with the shop's evacuation routes and procedures in case of fire
or other emergencies.
 
D. Note the location of specific work areas, such as those for welding,
painting, and grinding, which should be clearly marked.
 
E. Know the location and how to operate the eye wash station, which is used
to flush the eyes in case of a chemical splash.
 
F. Know where the first-aid supplies are kept and be familiar with the
supplies available and how to use them.
 
G. Locate the telephones that can be used for emergencies and where
emergency numbers are posted.
 
H. Note the location of storage containers for hazardous wastes and
materials.
 
I. Know the location of the shop's fire blanket. Every shop must have a 100%
wool fire blanket. The fire blanket can be wrapped tightly around a person
who is on fire to smother the flames.
 
1. Avoid using a fire blanket on a burning person wearing synthetic clothing.
Doing so can cause serious skin damage. Use water to extinguish burning
synthetic clothing

2. Work coveralls and shop clothing should be made of cotton.

CAUTION: Do not allow a person on fire to run.
J. Know where the fire alarm is and how to activate it at the first sign of a fire
that has any possibility of getting out of control.
 
K. Know where fire extinguishers are located and how to use them. It is critical
to be familiar with how the fire extinguishers in the shop operate to be
prepared if a fire should start.
 
1. Types of fire extinguishers
 
a. Class A Plain water
b. Class BC- May be carbon dioxide, ordinary dry chemical, or halon
c. Class ABC - Multipurpose dry chemical
d. Class D-Dry powder
 
2. Classes of fires and the appropriate extinguisher for each
a. Class A fires include burning paper, wood, rubber, cloth, and other materials
commonly found in classrooms and offices. These fires may be effectively
handled with either a dry-chemical or water fire extinguisher.
b. Class B fires include burning liquids, gases, grease, and oil.
Use only dry-chemical fire extinguishers. Water fire
extinguishers cause the burning liquid to spread.
 
c. Class C fires are electrical fires. Use only a Class C fire
extinguisher that contains dry chemicals and carbon dioxide.
Water or foam-type fire extinguishers can electrocute people in
the area.
 
d. Class D fires include burning metals, such as magnesium or
sodium. Use only Class D fire extinguishers that contain the
appropriate dry powder and are identified by: a 5-point star
with the letter "D" printed within the star.
 
NOTE: Most shops use multiple-class fire extinguishers that can
be used on Class A, B, and C fires.
3. Universal symbols for fire extinguishers

4. General procedure for using a fire extinguisher

 
CAUTION: Do not operate a fire extinguisher if not trained to do so, if the
flames are large or progress beyond their initial stage, or if the fire becomes
too hot or smoky. If there is any doubt about being able to extinguish the fire,
evacuate the building immediately.
 
CAUTION: Before attempting to put out a fire with a fire extinguisher, be sure
to identify a safe evacuation route.

NOTE: The instructor will demonstrate the proper operation of the fire
protection equipment available in the shop. Most fire extinguishers operate
using the PASS method, which is included below
a. Pull - Pull the pin, ring, clip, etc. from the extinguisher's handle. This action will break the tamper
seal.

b. Aim the extinguisher nozzle at the base of the - flames.

 
C. Squeeze the extinguisher handle to release the contents.

d. Sweep from side to side at the base of the flames, discharging the extinguishing agent
until the fire is out.

II. The importance of maintaining cleanliness and order in the shop

A. A clean shop environment reduces the hazards of slipping and soiling clothing. It also
protects vehicles from grease or paint damage.

B. An orderly shop with clear pathways allows employees easy access to exits. Regulations
from the EPA and local fire codes empower the local fire marshal to insist on an orderly,
uncluttered, and safe shop area.

C. Keep tools, equipment, and supplies organized to allow greater efficiency. Store tools,
equipment, and supplies in their proper place when not in use.

D. A clean and orderly shop is the mark of competent professionals and promotes business
growth.
III. Emergency procedures
A. If someone is injured in the shop, notify the instructor at once.

B. Do not give first aid to a victim unless trained to do so. However, if properly
trained, do not hesitate to give first aid.

C. If someone comes into contact with electrical current and receives an

immobilizing shock, do not try to move him or her if the current is still on and
the person is still in contact with it. Shut off the main circuit to the shop.
Electrical current will flow through whoever touches the person being shocked.
Notify the instructor at once.
 
D. General fire emergency procedure
 
NOTE: Specific procedures for dealing with fire emergencies vary. It is important
to know the specific procedures for your shop.
1. If a person is on fire, immediately wrap the person in a
fire blanket to smother the flames.
 
2. For other fires, turn on the fire alarm.
 
3. Notify the instructor as soon as possible. The instructor
will decide whether or not to attempt to extinguish the fire
or to wait for emergency personnel.
 
4. Turn off any machines and power in the event of an alarm
if time or circumstances allow.