CHEMISTRY 9

OBJECTIVES:
1. Differentiate between alkane , alkene and alkyne
2. Familiarize oneself with the rules used in naming
alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
3. Name the alkane ,alkene and alkyne compounds
4. Write the alkanes, alkenes and the alkynes
molecular formula, expanded and condensed
structural formula.
 HYDROCARBONS
• Hydrocarbon is any chemical compound consisting entirely of hydrogen (H)
and carbon (C).
• It is divided into two groups :
1.) ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS (Open-chain compounds). Classified into two:
SATURATED ( If there is a single bond between carbon atoms).
UNSATURATED ( If there is double or triple bonds between carbon atoms)
2.) CYCLIC HYDROCARBONS ( Closed –chain compounds).
Classified into two Alicyclic and Aromatic
 CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS
ALKANES ALKENES ALKYNES
Saturated , and are the Unsaturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons
simplest hydrocarbon which with one or more double with one or more triple
contains a single bond of bonds between carbon bonds between carbon
carbon to carbon. atoms. atoms.

They have a general formula They have a general formula They have a general formula
of of of
CnH2(n)+2 CnH2(n) CnH2(n)-2
Also known as Also known as OLEFINS. Generally known as
PARAFFINS. ACETYLENES.
 WRITING FORMULAS
• In the study of hydrocarbons, the expanded and condensed structural
formula are commonly used instead of molecular formula.

EXAMPLE:
Molecular Formula = C2CH6
HH
Expanded Structural Formula= H-C-C-H
H H
Condensed Structural Formula= CH3-CH3
 NAMING
HYDROCARBONS
Number of Prefix to be Number of Prefix to be
Carbon used Carbon used
1 Meth- 6 Hex-
2 Eth- 7 Hept-
3 Prop- 8 Oct-
4 But- 9 Non-
5 Pent- 10 Dec-
 RULES IN NAMING
HYDROCARBONS
• The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) system is used for naming
organic compounds.
• As a general rule, the name should end with the last syllable of the family or group where it
belongs.
• All alkanes will therefore end in “ane” , alkenes with “ene” , alkyne with “yne”, and so on.
• Straight chain alkanes take the suffix “ane”, “ene” or “yne” and the prefix depending on the
number of carbon atoms in the chain.
• For branched alkane, you need to consider the longest continuous chain or parent chain of
carbon in the structure and the alkyl group.
• An alkyl group is basically an alkane minus one of its hydrogen atoms.
H H
H-C-H H-C-HRemove
or CHone Hydrogen (H)
3 (Methyl )

H
What are other classes
of Hydrocarbons?
 AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS
• Also known as “arenes”, these hydrocarbons contain at least one
aromatic ring.
• These are termed aromatic because most of the compounds have
strong fragrant odors.
• One of the best known aromatic compounds is benzene (C6H6)
 NAMING AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS
• Naming of Aromatics is based on benzene:
• When the molecule is build on benzene, the parent name
is “benzene”.
• There are also many common names used to describe
aromatic compounds.
 OBJECTIVES:
1. Differentiate between alcohol, ethers, aldehydes,
ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines and
amides
2. Familiarize oneself with the rules used in
naming alcohol, ethers, aldehydes, ketones,
esters, amines and amides
3. Name the alcohol, ethers, aldehydes, ketones,
esters, amines and amides
4. Value the importance of substituted
hydrocarbons
 SUBSTITUTED
HYDROCARBONS
• HYDROXYL GROUP are composed of Alcohols and Ethers.
• ALCOHOL is an organic compound commonly used as reagents,
solvents and fuels. It has an OH group attached to a single bond alkyl
group, alkane.
*STEPS IN NAMING ALCOHOL*
1. To name alcohols, locate the longest chain of carbon that holds the
OH group.
2. Write the location number of the OH group not considering where
the alkyl group is.
3. Name the alkane attached to the OH group.
4. Replace the e- with an –ol.
• Example:
H H
H C C O H
hydroxyl group
H H An alkane-type carbon atom
Name: Ethanol Chemical formula= C2H5OH
H H H H
H C C O HH C C O H
H H H H
Name: Propanol Chemical formula= C3H7OH
• ETHERS are most likely used as solvents. Its structure
contains two alkyl groups joined in one oxygen.
• Ethers are named by first naming the alkyl group
attached to oxygen atoms followed by the word
ether.
• Example:
CH3O CH3 named as dimethyl ether (used as
refrigerant and aerosol spray propellant.)
CH3CH2O CH3CH2 named as diethyl ether ( used as
anesthetic for surgical procedures).
 CARBONYL GROUP
• ALDEHYDES “alcohol dehydrogenated” are consists of a carbonyl bonded to
a hydrogen atom and an R group.
• The simplest aldehyde is the formaldehyde or methanal.
• To name aldehydes change the suffix –e of the parent alkane to –al.
• Example, HCHO is named methanol and CH3CH3CHO is propanal.

• Uses: Aldehydes contribute to favorable odors of essential oils like cilantro

and vanillin. Formaldehyde is used as disinfectant and preservative with a
pungent odor common in hospitals and morgues.
• KETONES are characterized by a carbonyl group (O=C) linked
to two other carbon atoms.
• Generally represented by the formula RCOR, where the two
Rs are alkyl groups.
• Acetone or propanone is the simplest example of a ketone.

• Uses: Often used in perfumes and paints to stabilize the

other ingredients.
 CARBOXYL GROUP
• CARBOXYLIC ACIDS- characterized by the presence of carboxyl group.
• CARBOXYL GROUP- is a functional group with a carbonyl ( C=O) and a hydroxyl
(R-OH) which has a general formula – COOH.
• NAMING CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
• To name carboxylic acids, change the suffix –e of the parent alkane with –oic
acid.
• Example: CH3 COOH is named as ethanoic acid, which is commonly known as
acetic acid-the one present in vinegar , giving its sour taste.
CH3 CH2CH2COOH is named as butanoic acid, or butyric acid, the one that
causes an acidic body odor.
• USES:
• Carboxylic acids are used in the production of polymers, pharmaceuticals,
solvents and food additives.
• ESTERS- a product formed in the reaction between a carboxylic acid and
alcohol.
CH3OH + CH3COOH CH3COOH3 + H2O
(alcohol) (carboxylic acid) ( ester)
• The name ester is derived from the German Essig-Aether an old name for
acetic acid ethyl ester. Mostly found in fruits, and are characterized by having a
very sweet fruity smell.
• How to name an Ester?
• Esters have two-word names. The first should be the name of the alkyl group.
The second should be the stem name of the acid, changing the suffix- oic to –
oate.
• Example: CH3COOCH3 is named as methyl ethanoate.
• Amines- organic compounds containing a functional group of basic nitrogen
atom. They are derivatives of ammonia (NH3) where one or more hydrogen
atoms are replaced by an R group.
• How to name an amine?
• To name amines, name the attached alkane chain with the suffix “amine”. For
example, CH3NH2 , is namd methylamine, a primary amine.
USES:
Most neurotransmitters are amines. Examples are
Epinephrine, dopamine, and histamine.
Chlorpheniramine helps relieve allergic diorders due to cold, itchy skin and
insect bites.
• AMIDES- contain a functional group consisting of a carbonyl group linked to
a nitrogen atom.
• They are formed from the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an amine.
How to name amides?
• Add the term “amide” to the stem of the parent acid’s name to come up with
the name of the amide.
• For example, the derivation of an amide from acetic acid(carboxylic acid) is
named as acetamide, with the chemical formula CH3CONH2 .
*Uses of amides:
Most drugs are amides including the penicillin.
Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish
scientist named Alexander Fleming. It is widely
used as an antibiotic to treat bacterial infections.