Scribd
Upload
1K views50 pages

Nutritional Disorders

Uploaded by

tayyab khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1K views50 pages

Nutritional Disorders

Uploaded by

tayyab khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 50

Nutritional Disorders

Dr. Rimsha Ali


Nutrition
• It is the selection of foods and preparation of foods, and their
ingestion to be assimilated by the body.

• By practicing a healthy diet, many of the known health issues can be


avoided

• The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by


the perceived palatability of foods.
Nutritional Disorders
• It occurs when the body doesn’t absorb or get from food the
necessary amount of a nutrient.

• Deficiencies can lead to variety of health problems.

• These can include digestion problems, skin disorders, stunted or


defective bone growth and even dementia.
Types Of Nutritional Problems

Under Nutrition
(Malnutrition)
Over Nutrition
Malnutrition
• The World Health Organization defines malnutrition as
‘The cellular imbalance between supply of nutrients and energy and the body’s
demand for them to ensure growth, maintenance and specific functions.’

Primary: related to diet


Secondary: related to
• Nutrient malabsorption
• Impaired nutrient utilization or storage
• Excess nutrient loss
• Increased need for nutrients
Protein Energy Malnutrition
• Inadequate intake of protein and calories
• Two main clinical syndromes:
Marasmus
• Starvation in infant with overall lack of calories
• Somatic protein compartment(skeletal muscles) affected
Kwashiorkor
• Protein deprivation more severe than deficit in calories
• Visceral compartment (protein stores in liver) affected
Marasmus
• It is a consequence of protein energy deficiency characterized by:
wasting of muscles and fat tissues (‘skin and bone”) growth
retardation

• Serum protein is normal and there is no edema

• It can occur at any age and can be easily compensated by normalizing


nutritional supply of proteins and other nutrients.
Clinical Features
• Weight is less than 60% of normal

• Loss of muscle mass and subcutaneous fat emaciation of


extremities and head appears too large for body

• Usually there is associated anemia, multivitamin deficiencies and


immune deficiency (T- cell mediated immunity) concurrent
infections
Kwashiorkor
• It is a childhood protein energy deficiency that occurs when protein
deprivation is greater than reduction in total calories

• Typically occurs in children who have been weaned of the mother’s


breast when the second child was born

• There is hypoalbuminemia and generalized or dependent edema

• Loss of weight masked by edema


• Usually there is sparing of muscle and subcutaneous fat

• Weight is between 60-80% of normal


• Other clinical features include:

• Flaky Paint appearance of skin (alternating zones of hyperpigmentation, areas


of desquamation and hypopigmentation)

• Alternating bands of pale and dark hair--- Flag sign

• Enlarged fatty liver


• Atrophy and loss of small intestinal villi, leading to concurrent loss of
small intestinal enzymes disaccharidase deficiency

• Development of apathy and listlessness

• Loss of appetite

• Other vitamin deficiencies and defects in immunity


Assessment of PEM
• Gomez Classification
Weight for age (%)= weight of child x 100
_________________
weight of normal child of same age

• Between 90 – 110% Normal Nutritional


• Between 75 – 89% Mild malnutritional
• Between 60 – 74 % Moderate Malnutritional
Prevention
• Oral rehydration therapy: helps to prevent dehydration caused by
diarrhea
• Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months, thereafter supplementary
foods may be introduced along with breast feeds
• Immunization for infants and children
• Nutritional supplements
• Early diagnosis and treatment
• Promotion and correction of feeding practices
• Family planning and spacing of birth
VITAMINS
DEFICIENCY
DISORDERS
Vitamins
VITAMIN DEFICIENCY STATES
Pellagra
Vitamin A Deficiency
Prevention and Control
• Administering large doses of vitamin A orally on periodic basis

• Regular and adequate intake of vitamin A

• Fortification of certain food with vitamin A – sugar, salt, tea and

skimmed milk
VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY
List of Deficiencies of Essential
Minerals
Nutritional Anemia
• It is a condition where the hemoglobin content of blood is lower than

normal as a result of a deficiency of one or more essential nutrients,

regardless of the cause of such deficiency


Causes/ Risk Factors
• Inadequate diet
• Insufficient intake of iron
• Iron malabsorption
• Pregnancy
• Excessive menstrual bleeding
• Hookworm infestation
• Malaria
• Close birth intervals
• GI bleed
• Infants and children
• Pregnant women
Effects of Anemia
Pregnancy Infection Work capacity
• Increases risk of • Anemia can be • Most severe the
maternal and fetal aggravated by parasitic anemia, greater the
morbidity and mortality infections like malaria, reduction in work
• Abortions, premature intestinal parasites performance
births, PPH, low birth • Iron deficiency may
weight are associated repair cellular response
with anemia during and immune functions
pregnancy
Prevention
• Estimation of Hb to assess degree of anemia
• Blood transfusion in severe cases of anemia (<8g/dl)
• Iron and folic acid supplements
• Food fortification with iron
• Changing dietary habits
• Control of parasites
• Nutritional education and awareness
Iodine Deficiency Disorders
• IDD leads to a much wider spectrum of disorders
commencing with the intrauterine life and extending through
childhood to adult life with serious health and social
implications
Disorders
• Goiter
• Hypothyroidism
• Subnormal intelligence
• Delayed motor milestones
• Mental deficiency
• Hearing defects
• Speech defects
• Mental retardation
• Neuromuscular weakness
• Endemic cretinism

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy