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Volume Integral Final

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German mathematician and philosopher known for developing calculus and its symbolic notations of integral and differentiation. The document discusses Leibniz's early work on differential calculus and provides an introduction, definition, mathematical expression, illustration with an example calculation, and applications of the volume integral, which extends the concept of integration to three dimensions. Some applications mentioned include mass and density calculations, fluid mechanics, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and computational modeling.

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Sreevignesh G
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42 views26 pages

Volume Integral Final

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German mathematician and philosopher known for developing calculus and its symbolic notations of integral and differentiation. The document discusses Leibniz's early work on differential calculus and provides an introduction, definition, mathematical expression, illustration with an example calculation, and applications of the volume integral, which extends the concept of integration to three dimensions. Some applications mentioned include mass and density calculations, fluid mechanics, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and computational modeling.

Uploaded by

Sreevignesh G
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz:

Volume Integral

Here is where our presentation


begins
Contents of our presentation

Introduction Theory Illustration Application


Whoa!
• Abhinay Kumar • Matsa Pavan Kumar
• Pokuri Kiran Kumar
• Sree Vignesh • Ravi Teja
• Devashish Laddha • Bidhan Chandrow Barmon
• Pavan Sai
INTRODUCTIO
N
Name: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Born:1646( Leipzig, Germany)
Died: 1716
Fields Of Knowledge: Mathematics, Philosophy
Known for: Development Of
Calculus( Symbolic Notations of integral and
differentiation), Monadology, Proposed Binary
System and Fundamental Theorem Of Calculus
Books: Discourse in Metaphysics (1686)
Monadology (1714),
Principles Of Nature And Grace(1714)
Historia Et Origo Calculis Differentialis (1740)
Historia Et Origo Calculi
Differentialis
Earliest works of Lebniz on
Differntial Calculus.( written in
mid seventeenth century.
A Glance at History
One of the earliest recorded attempts at The concept of integration as we understand
measuring volumes can be found in the it today began to take shape during the 17th
ancient Egyptian civilization. The Egyptians century with the groundbreaking work of
used a method called the method of mathematicians like Isaac Newton and
exhaustion, which involved approximating Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. They
the volume of a three-dimensional shape by independently developed the fundamental
dividing it into smaller, known shapes whose principles of calculus, including the concept
volumes could be calculated of integration
What is Volume integral ?
A volume integral, also known as a triple integral, is a
mathematical operation used to calculate the integral
of a function over a three-dimensional region in
space. It extends the concept of integration from one
and two dimensions to three dimensions.
Volume integral
The general form of the volume integral is :

∭ f(x, y, z) dV

Here, f(x, y, z) represents the function being integrated, and


dV represents an infinitesimal volume element within the
region R. The infinitesimal volume element dV can be
expressed as dV = dx dy dz, where dx, dy, and dz are the
differentials along the x, y, and z axes, respectively
Mathematical expression
Let I =
Case 1: If x1,x2 are constants and y1,y2 and z1,z2 are function of x, z and x, y respectively .then this integral is
evaluated as follows
First f(x ,y , z) is integrated w.r.t z between the limits z1 and z2 keeping x and y fixed .The resulting expression is
integrated w.r.t y between the limits y1 and y2 keeping x constant . The result just obtained is finally integrated
w.r.t x from x1 to x2.
I=
Case 2: If all three pairs of limits of x , y and z are constants, then
I=
ILLUSTRATION:
Evaluate

sol: Let I =

x+z
=
x-z
=2dz

=4 dz
=0 Ans..
APPLICATIONS
• Well, if by real-life, you mean your day to day life as a normal person, then very few applications for
you. But I think this question should be looked at in terms of how triple integrals have impacted our
world (outside the abstraction of mathematics).

• Designing planes requires that you maximize lift generated by the wing while minimizing the drag on
the plane. Both lift and drag are effectively defined using triple integrals.

•  Even the fundamental equations of fluid motion is defined in terms of triple integrals.
APPLICATIONS :
The volume integral, also known as a triple integral, is a mathematical tool used to calculate
various quantities over three-dimensional regions. It has numerous applications in mathematics,
physics, engineering, and other fields. Here are some common applications of volume integrals
along with their corresponding equations:

 Mass & Density Calculations  In Fluid Mechanics

 Calculating Volume  In Electromagnetism

 Center of Mass  In Thermodynamics

 Moment of Inertia  In Probability & Statistics

 Computational Modeling  Computer Graphics and Visualization


Mass And Density Calculations:

Volume integrals are used to determine the mass of an object when the density varies throughout the
region. The equation is similar to the volume calculation but incorporates the density function:

M = ∭ρ(x, y, z) dV

where:
∭ denotes the triple integral over the region occupied by the object
dV represents the infinitesimal volume element
ρ(x, y, z) is the mass density function
Center Of Mass:
The volume integral can be used to find the center of mass of a three-dimensional object. It involves
calculating the weighted average of the position vector over the entire volume. The equation for finding
the center of mass is:

x = ∭(xρ(x, y, z)) dV/∭(ρ(x, y, z)) dV

y = ∭(yρ(x, y, z)) dV/∭(ρ(x, y, z)) dV

z = ∭(zρ(x, y, z)) dV/∭(ρ(x, y, z)) dV

Here, (x, y, z) represents the coordinates of the center of mass,


ρ(x, y, z) is the density function, and dV is the infinitesimal
volume element.
Moment Of Inertia
The moment of inertia measures an object's resistance to rotational motion.

For a continuous body with mass density ρ(x, y, z) and a point (x, y, z) located in the body, the moment of
inertia Ix, Iy, and Iz about the x, y, and z axes respectively can be calculated as:
Ix = ∫∫∫ (y^2 + z^2) ρ(x, y, z) dV

Iy = ∫∫∫ (x^2 + z^2) ρ(x, y, z) dV

Iz = ∫∫∫ (x^2 + y^2) ρ(x, y, z) dV

• (x, y, z) represents the coordinates within the body.


• ρ(x, y, z) is the mass density at each point within the body.
• dV is an infinitesimal volume element (dV = dx dy dz).
Fluid Mechanics
In the field of fluid mechanics, volume integrals are used to calculate quantities such
as fluid flow rate, momentum, and energy.

CONTINUITY EQUATION

MOMENTUM EQUATION
Thermodynamics
In the field of heat transfer and thermodynamics, volume integrals are
used to analyze the flow of heat and the distribution of temperature in
different systems.
General equation that represents the heat transfer through a solid object in three
dimensions:
Q = ∫∫∫ k ∇²T dV
Where:
 Q is the total heat transfer
 k is the thermal conductivity of the material
 ∇²T is the Laplacian of temperature T, which represents the spatial temperature
distribution within the object
 dV is the differential volume element
Electromagnetism
Triple integration plays a crucial role in electromagnetism, particularly in
calculating quantities like electric field, magnetic field, and electromagnetic
potentials.

ELECTRIC FIELD :
For a continuous charge distribution described by a charge density ρ(x, y, z), the
electric field at a point (x₀, y₀, z₀) can be calculated as follows:

E(x₀, y₀, z₀) = ∫∫∫ (k * ρ(x, y, z)) / r³ dV


where
k is the Coulomb's constant
r is the distance between (x₀, y₀, z₀) and charge element at position (x, y, z)
dV is the differential volume element.
Electromagnetism
Triple integration plays a crucial role in electromagnetism, particularly in
calculating quantities like electric field, magnetic field, and electromagnetic
potentials.

MAGNETIC FIELD :
For a continuous current distribution described by a current density J(x, y, z),
the magnetic field at a point (x₀, y₀, z₀) can be calculated as follows:

B(x₀, y₀, z₀) = μ₀/4π ∫∫∫ (J(x, y, z) × R) / R³ dV


where
μ₀ is the permeability of free space,
R is the displacement vector from the point (x₀, y₀, z ₀) to (x, y, z)
dV is the differential volume element.
Electrostatics
Volume integrals are also employed in electromagnetism to calculate the total charge
enclosed within a given region. Using Gauss's law, we can relate the electric field to
the charge distribution. The equation for calculating charge is:
Q = ε₀ ∫∫∫ (∇ ⋅ E) dV

where ε₀ is the vacuum permittivity, E is the electric field, and (∇ ⋅ E)


represents the divergence of the electric field.
Probability And Statistics
Probability density function (PDF): In continuous probability distributions, the
PDF is a function that describes the relative likelihood of different outcomes.
For a random variable X, the PDF is typically denoted as f(x), and the
probability of X lying within a particular range [a, b] can be calculated by
integrating the PDF over that range:

P(a ≤ X ≤ b) = ∫[a,b] f(x) dx.
Computation Graphics And
Visualization
Volume integrals find applications in computer graphics and
visualization to calculate effects like volumetric lighting, ray tracing,
and rendering of three-dimensional objects. They are used to model the
behaviour of light within a medium and determine the appearance of
objects.

Here are some specific applications of volume integrals in


this field:
• Volumetric Lighting Ray
• Marching Global Illumination
• Volume Rendering
• Density and Flow Visualization
• Surface Extraction
Astrophysics And
Cosmology
Volume integrals are utilized in astrophysics and
cosmology to study the distribution of matter and energy
in the universe. They help analyse phenomena such as the
formation of galaxies, gravitational lensing, and the
evolution of the universe
Thank You!!!

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