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Unit 2

Mainframes were large centralized computers that processed data for multiple users connected over terminals. Distributed computing evolved to distribute processing and storage across connected systems and devices rather than relying on a single central computer. This included the development of cluster networks, peer-to-peer architectures, grid computing, cloud computing, and edge/fog computing to distribute resources and improve scalability, accessibility, and processing of large amounts of data.

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41 views

Unit 2

Mainframes were large centralized computers that processed data for multiple users connected over terminals. Distributed computing evolved to distribute processing and storage across connected systems and devices rather than relying on a single central computer. This included the development of cluster networks, peer-to-peer architectures, grid computing, cloud computing, and edge/fog computing to distribute resources and improve scalability, accessibility, and processing of large amounts of data.

Uploaded by

Farhan Sj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT - 2

History Of IOT
INDEX :
• Mainframes
• Planet Lab
• Origins/Evolution Of Distributed Computing
Mainframes are computers
• Mainframes are high-performance computers
with large amounts of memory and processors
that process billions of simple calculations and
transactions in real time.
• The mainframe is critical to commercial
databases, transaction servers, and applications
that require security.
• Mainframes and personal computers have evolved
over the years but their core functions have stayed the
same.
• The mainframe is used connect multiple users for
large organizations while personal computers are
generally used for a single users.
• The more drastic changes for mainframes and
personal computers have been speed and size.
• Mainframes use to be the size of buildings.
• Now they are the size of a textbook.
• Personal computer 's origins came from the dumb
terminal.
• The dumb terminal was used just to access the
mainframe.
• Then, the idea came to off load some of the
processing from the mainframe and place it on your
desktop.
Assignment:

Research on the topic “Transition from


Mainframe to Personal Computer “

Submission Date:
05/04/2023
Distributed computing
• Distributed computing refers to a system where processing and
data storage is distributed across multiple devices or systems,
rather than being handled by a single central device.
• In a distributed system, each device or system has its own
processing capabilities and may also store and manage its own
data.
• These devices or systems work together to perform tasks and
share resources, with no single device serving as the central
hub.
• One example of a distributed computing system is a cloud
computing system, where resources such as computing power,
storage, and networking are delivered over the Internet and
accessed on demand.
Components
There are several key components of a Distributed Computing
System

• Devices or Systems: The devices or systems in a distributed


system have their own processing capabilities and may also
store and manage their own data.
• Network: The network connects the devices or systems in the
distributed system, allowing them to communicate and
exchange data.
• Resource Management: Distributed systems often have some
type of resource management system in place to allocate and
manage shared resources such as computing power, storage,
and networking.
Evolution of Distributed Computing Systems
Mainframe
• In the early years of computing between 1960-1967,
mainframe-based computing machines were considered as the
best solution for processing large-scale data as they provided
time-sharing to a local clients who interacts with teletype
terminals.
• This type of system conceptualized the client-server
architecture.
• The client connects and request the server and the server
processes these request, enabling a single time-sharing system
to send multiple resources over a single medium amongst
clients.
• The major drawback it faced was that it was quite expensive
and that lead to the innovation of early disk-based storage and
transistor memory.
Cluster Networks:
• In the early 1970s, the development of packet-switching and
cluster computing happens which was considered an
alternative for mainframe systems although it was expensive.
In cluster computing, the underlying hardware consists of a
collection of similar workstations or PCs, closely connected
by means of a high-speed local-area network where each node
runs the same operating system.
• Its purpose was to achieve parallelism. During 1967-1974, we
also saw the creation of ARPANET and an early network that
enabled global message exchange allowing for services
hostable on remote machines across geographic bounds
independent from a fixed programming model.
Internet & PC’s:
• During this era, the evolution of the internet takes place. New
technology such as TCP/IP had begun to transform the Internet
into several connected networks, linking local networks to the
wider Internet.
• Thus, the number of hosts connected to the network began to
grow rapidly, therefore the centralized naming systems such as
HOSTS.TXT couldn’t provide scalability.
• Hence Domain Name Systems (DNSs) came into existence in
1985 and were able to transform hosts’ domain names into IP
addresses.
• Early GUI-based computers utilizing WIMP(windows, icons,
menus, pointers) were developed which provided feasibility of
computing within the home, providing applications such as
video games and web browsing to consumers.
World Wide Web
• During the 1980 – the 1990s, the creation of HyperText
Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and HyperText Markup Language
(HTML) resulted in the first web browsers, websites,s, and
web-server.
• It was developed by Tim Berners Lee at CERN.
• Standardization of TCP/IP provided infrastructure for
interconnected networks of networks known as the World
Wide Web (WWW).
• This leads to the tremendous growth of the number of hosts
connected to the Internet.
P2P, Grids & Web Services
• Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing or networking is a distributed
application architecture that partitions tasks or workloads
between peers without the requirement of a central
coordinator.
• Peers share equal privileges.
• In a P2P network, each client acts as a client and server.
• P2P file sharing was introduced in 1999 when American
college student Shawn Fanning created the music-sharing
service Napster.
• P2P networking enables decentralized internet. With the
introduction of Grid computing, multiple tasks can be
completed by computers jointly connected over a network.
Cloud, Mobile & IoT:
• Cloud computing came up with the convergence of cluster
technology, virtualization, and middleware.
• Through cloud computing, you can manage your resources and
applications online over the internet without explicitly
building on your hard drive or server.
• The major advantage is provided that it can be accessed by
anyone from anywhere in the world.
• Many cloud providers offer subscription-based services.
Fog and Edge Computing
• When the data produced by mobile computing and IoT
services started to grow tremendously, collecting and
processing millions of data in real-time was still an issue.
• This leads to the concept of edge computing in which client
data is processed at the periphery of the network, it’s all about
the matter of location.
• Fog computing greatly reduces the need for bandwidth by not
sending every bit of information over cloud channels, and
instead aggregating it at certain access points.

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