Engineering Science

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 Chapter 1: Motion, power and energy

DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT

Distance is the distance covered, regardless of direction and displacement is
the straight line distance that a body moves.

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 Chapter 1: Motion, power and energy (continued)

SPEED AND VELOCITY

Speed is the rate of change of distance and velocity is speed in a given
direction or the rate of change of displacement.

Where v = speed or velocity,

s = displacement, and
t = time.

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 Chapter 1: Motion, power and energy (continued)

ACCELERATION
When the velocity of a body increases, it is said to be accelerating, thus
acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

where a = acceleration,
u = initial velocity, and
v = final velocity.

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 Chapter 1: Motion, power and energy (continued)

FORCE, MASS AND ACCELERATION

The force required to accelerate a body is proportional to. Therefore,

Where F = force,
m = mass, and
a = acceleration.

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 Chapter 1: Motion, power and energy (continued)

WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

• When a force moves through a distance, work is done.
• Energy is the capacity to do work.
• Power is the rate of doing work.

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 Chapter 1: Motion, power and energy (continued)

MOMENTUM
Momentum is the quantity that a body possesses as a result of its motion.

Where P = momentum of the body;

m = mass of the body; and
v = velocity of the body.

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 Chapter 1: Motion, power and energy (continued)

MECHANICAL DRIVES AND LIFTING MACHINES

• Belt drives are used to transmit rotary motion and power from one shaft to
a other.
• Lifting machines are mechanical devices designed to make work easier.
These machines make it possible for a load larger than the applied effort,
to be raised.

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 Chapter 2: Moments

MOMENTS
The moment of a force is the turning effect of a force about a point. A
spanner tightening a nut is an example of this.

Where Moment = turning moment,

F = force, and
s = perpendicular distance

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 Chapter 2: Moments (continued)

BEAMS
When a horizontal beam, resting on supports, is in equilibrium when acted
upon by vertical forces, then;
• Sum of clockwise moments = sum of anticlockwise moments about the
same point, and;
• Sum of upward forces = sum of downward forces.

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 Chapter 3: Coplaner forces

CONDITIONS FOR EQUILIBRIUM OF A SYSTEM OF COPLANAR

FORCES
• The lines of action of the forces must all cross through or act on the same
point (or the sum of the moments acting on the body must be equal to
zero).
• The vector sum of the forces must be equal to zero.

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 Chapter 3: Coplaner forces (continued)

TRIANGLES OF FORCES
If three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, they can be represented in
magnitude and direction by the sides of a triangle taken in order.

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 Chapter 3: Coplaner forces (continued)

POLYGON OF FORCES
If four or more forces acting at a point, are in equilibrium, they can be
represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of a polygon taken in
order.

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 Chapter 3: Coplaner forces (continued)

ANALYTICAL RESOLUTION OF FORCES

By resolving any number of coplanar forces into vertical and horizontal
components, the resultant can be found by means of Pythagoras’ theorem.

Where is the angle of the resultant.

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 Chapter 3: Coplaner forces (continued)

SIMPLE FRAMEWORKS (ROOF TRUSSES)

• Frameworks are made of various sections called members. When
designing a roof truss, it is important to know what kind of stress i.e.
tensile or compressive stress, a member is subjected to.
• Members under tensile stress are known as ties.
• Members under compressive stress are known as struts.

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 Chapter 4: Friction

FRICTION
When two surfaces are in contact and movement takes place, friction
appears which resists motion:
Where = coefficient of friction,
F = kinetic friction,
NR = normal friction, and
= the angle of friction.

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 Chapter 4: Friction (continued)

FRICTION AND AN INCLINED PLANE

The angle of friction is the largest angle to the horizontal that one body will
rest on another before it starts sliding.

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 Chapter 4: Friction (continued)

OBLIQUE FORCES
When an oblique (slanting) force is applied to a body, the normal reaction is
affected. When applied upwards, it reduces the normal reaction and when
applied downwards, it increases the normal reaction.

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 Chapter 5: Heat

HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

Heat is a form of energy and temperature is an indication of the degree of
hotness or coldness of a body.

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 Chapter 5: Heat (continued)

SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat energy required to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of a substance 1 °C (or 1 K).

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 Chapter 5: Heat (continued)

HEAT TRANSFER (CONSERVATION OF HEAT ENERGY)

The Principle of Conservation of Heat occurs when a hot substance is mixed
or brought into contact with a cooler one, and heat is transferred from the
hotter substance to the cooler one until their temperatures are equal.

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 Chapter 5: Heat (continued)

EFFICIENCY
Efficiency is a measure of how effectively energy is converted from one form
to another.

Where = percentage efficiency,

output = output work done, and
input = corresponding input work done.

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 Chapter 5: Heat (continued)

HEAT VALUE
The calorific value of fuel is the quantity of heat released per unit quantity of
fuel (a substance which is burned in order to release heat energy) completely
burned.

Where Q = quantity of energy released,

V = Volume of gas, and
CV = Calorific value of the fuel.
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 Chapter 5: Heat (continued)

THERMAL EXPANSION
The volume of most substances increases when their temperature is
increased. In engineering, the increase in volume of a liquid or gas is of most
importance. In the case of solids, the increase in area and length is of most
importance. When a substance is cooled, the reverse takes place.

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 Chapter 5: Heat (continued)

STEAM
Steam has many advantages and outstanding qualities. It is produced from
water, which is plentiful in most areas and relatively cheap to obtain. Both
water and steam are clean to use. Steam has a very high heat content and
can store large quantities of heat energy, which can, in turn, be converted
into useful work. It can also be condensed and used over and over again.

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 Chapter 6: Hydraulics

HYDRAULICS PRESSES
For most practical purposes it may be assumed that the volume of a liquid
does not change when subjected to pressure. Pressure is the force exerted
on a surface per unit area. When large forces are required in industry, use is
often made of hydraulic presses.

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 Chapter 6: Hydraulics (continued)

SINGLE STROKE PUMP

A single stroke pump (also known as a reciprocating pump) is similar in
operation to the pump of a hydraulic press.

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 Chapter 7: Electricity

CELLS
The simplest contributing factor to the internal resistance of a cell is the
resistance of the materials from which the cell is constructed.

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 Chapter 7: Electricity (continued)

ELECTROLYSIS
Faraday’s laws state that:
Where m = mass,
• The amount of chemical change produced by
I = current flowing,
an electric current is proportional to the
z = electrochemical
quantity of electricity.
equivalent, and
• The amounts of different substances liberated
t = time during which the
by a given quantity of electricity are
current flows.
proportional to their chemical equivalent mass.
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 Chapter 7: Electricity (continued)

JOULE’S LAW
Joule deduced that the heat generated in an electric circuit is proportional to:
(a) the square of the current (), (b) the resistance of the circuit (R), and (c)
the time during which the current flows (t).

Where Q = heat energy,

I = current, and
R = Resistance.
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 Chapter 7: Electricity (continued)

POWER
By applying Ohm’s law to the power formula:

We can calculate that:

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 Chapter 7: Electricity (continued)

DIRECT CURRENT (DC) AND ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)

With direct current, the electric With alternating current, the current

current flows in one direction: reverses its direction at a constant

rate:

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 Chapter 7: Electricity (continued)

SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER
Standard transformers are used to step a voltage up or down with a
corresponding decrease or increase in current.

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 Chapter 8: Chemistry

ELEMENTS: THE CONSTITUENTS OF MATTER

An element is a substance that contains only one kind of atom.
Examples of these are the familiar elements aluminium, carbon, chlorine,
copper, gold, hydrogen, iron, lead, mercury, oxygen, silver, sodium and tin.

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 Chapter 8: Chemistry (continued)

ATOMS
An atom is the smallest part of an element that has all the characteristics of
that element. Atoms are made up of electrons, neutrons and protons.

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 Chapter 8: Chemistry (continued)

ALLOYS
An alloy is a mixture composed wholly or mainly of metals.
For example, brass is an alloy composed of copper and zinc.

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 Chapter 8: Chemistry (continued)

CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
Chemical compounds are made from combining different chemical elements.
For example, water or is made from two parts hydrogen (H) and one part
oxygen (O).

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 Chapter 8: Chemistry (continued)

PERIODIC TABLE
The periodic table is written in sequence in the order of atomic number or
atomic weight and arranged in horizontal rows (periods) and vertical columns
(groups) to illustrate the occurrence of similarities in the properties of the
elements as a periodic function of the sequence.

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 Chapter 8: Chemistry (continued)

ELECTROLYTES
An electrolyte is a solution able to conduct electric current.
Electrolytes can be used:
• In cells (batteries); and
• In electroplating and electro-refining processes.

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 Chapter 8: Chemistry (continued)

CORROSION
Corrosion occurs as a result of electrolytic dissociation when moisture is
present with certain metals. In the case of iron this reaction is termed rusting.

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