MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING DIPLOMA
A PRACTICAL APPLICATION

RESEARCH STUDY &

FINAL DEFENSE

 ENGR. DARYL JOY M. MIRA

 MSCM, RME, ASEAN ENGR, CEM, LSSGB, LEED GA, NEBOSH IG
 COURSE SPECIALIST
 MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING DIPLOMA
A PRACTICAL APPLICATION

AIR CONDITIONING –
HEAT & COOLING LOAD
CALCULATION

 ENGR. DARYL JOY M. MIRA

 MSCM, RME, ASEAN ENGR, CEM, LSSGB, LEED GA, NEBOSH IG
 COURSE SPECIALIST
OBJECTIVE

Provide the Participants

Basic Knowledge in the Air
Conditioning Heat &
Cooling Load Calculation
for Residential,
Commercial and
Industrial Buildings.
WHAT IS AIR CONDITIONING ?

Air Conditioning is …..

“The Science and Practice

of Creating a Controlled
Climate in the Indoor
Living or Working Areas
for Comfort of Human
Beings or Animals or for
the Proper Performance of
Some Industrial or
Scientific Process.”
 PURPOSE OF LOAD
CALCULATION
 Provide information for
Equipment Selection and
HVAC System Design.
 Provide data for evaluation
of optimum possibilities for
Load Reduction.
 Permit analysis of partial
loads as required for system
design, operation and
control.
PRINCIPLE OF LOAD
CALCULATION

 Heat Gain Or Loss

 Cooling Load Or
Heating Load
 Heat Extraction Or
Heat Addition
HEAT GAIN:

 Or Instantaneous Rate
Of Heat Gain
 Is The Rate Of Which
Heat Enters Or
Generated Within A
Space At A Given
Instant Of Time.
TYPES OF HEAT GAIN
 SENSIBLE HEAT GAIN

 LATENT HEAT GAIN

WHAT IS SPACE COOLING
LOAD ?

 Rate of the Heat Removal

from the Conditioned
Space that has to be
Maintained in Order to
Provide the Desired
Inside Condition.
 COOLING LOADS CATEGORY

 External Loads
(Due External Factors)
 Internal Loads
 Infiltration and
Ventilation Loads
 EXTERNAL LOADS:

 Combined Effect of Outdoor Air

Temperature and the Solar
Radiation that causes Heat Flow
through Roof and External Walls.
 Temperature of Adjoining Spaces
that Causes Heat Conduction into
Conditioned Space thru Interior
Partitions, Ceilings, Floors &
Windows.
 Solar Heat Gain by Direct or
Indirect Solar Radiation Thru
Windows or other Fenestration
Materials.
INTERNAL LOADS:

 Lights
 People
 Internal Equipment ( such as;
Electrical, Gas Or Steam
appliances, Electrical
machines and other
miscellaneous source of heat
& steam.
INFILTRATION AND VENTILATION

 Ventilation Is Supplied to Meet the

Required Air Purity and Odor
Standards.
 Infiltration Arises From Controlled
or Uncontrolled Leakage Around
Doors and Windows or Through
Walls.
AIR CONDITIONING
HEAT & COOLING LOAD
CALCULATION PROCEDURES
 STEPS INVOLVE IN A/C LOAD CALCULATION:

 DATA GATHERING

 SELECTION OF INDOOR &

OUTDOOR DESIGN
CONDITIONS.

 CALCULATION OF HEAT
TRANSFER COFFICIENTS

 CALCULATION OF SPACE
COOLING LOAD

 PSYCHROMETRIC ANALYSIS
DATA GATHERING

 Orientation and Dimension of

Building Components.
 Construction Materials for
Roof, Walls, Ceiling, Interior
Partitions, Floors and
Fenestration.
 Size and Use of Space To Be
Conditioned.
 Surrounding Conditions
Outdoors and in Adjoining
Spaces.
COOLING & HEAT LOAD
ESTIMATE SHEET
SCECO-East Form No. 16305(07/10)
DE
COOLING & HEATING LOAD ESTIMATE SHEET
SIG SUMMER OUTDOOR ROOM DELTA T LATITUDE PROJECT SHEET NO. OF
N
CO A DRY BULB F F F DESIGN MONTH LOCATION DATE
NDI
B WET BULB F F DESIGN HOUR BLDG/RM. NO. CONTRACT NO.
TIO
NS C HUMIDITY RATIO (W)* Woa Wrm DAILY RANGE F LENGTH WIDTH B.I. NO.

WINTER OUTDOOR ROOM DELTA T HEIGHT VOLUME J.O. NO.

D DRY BULB F F F ESTIMATED BY

E HUMIDITY RATIO, W** Woa Wrm *GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER LB. DRY AIR (Woa - Wrm) CHECKED BY

**GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER LB. DRY AIR (Wrm - Woa)

COOLING H EATING
ITEM
DIREC- U AREA q SENSIBLE U AREA q SENSIBLE
ITEM CLTD CORR. x x
NO TION VALUE SQ. FT. Btu/hr VALUE SQ.FT. BTUH

1 ROOF

2 WALL

CO 3 WALL
ND
U 4 WALL
EX CT
5 WALL
TE IO
RN N 6 GLASS
AL
CO 7 SKYLIGHT

OL
IN ITEM
U AREA
ITE M x x DELTA T
G NO FACTOR SQ. FT.
LO
AD 8 PARTITION WALL

9 CEILING

10 FLOOR

11

ITEM
SHADE AREA SUB TOTAL
ITE M DIRECTION x SHCF x x CLF
NO COEFF (SC) SQ. FT.

UNSHADED VENTILATION AIR

12 GLASS
SO SHADED 1.1 x DELTA T x CFM
LA
R UNSHADED
13 GLASS
SHADED

UNSHADED
14 GLASS TOTAL
SHADED
PICK-UP TOTAL

UNSHADED
15 SKYLIGHT
SHADED GRAND TOTAL

ITEM
LIG TYPE
TOTAL
TOTAL WATTS x
WATTS
x
USAGE
x
BALLAST
x CLF HUMIDIFICATION
HT NO HOURS ON TO Btu/hr % FACTOR
S
16 FLUORESCENT 3.41 0.7 x DELTA W** x CFM

17 INCANDESCENT 3.41
IN
TE
RN PE ITEM
q S PER
* * GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER LB OF DRY
OP NO. OF PEOPLE x x CLF AIR, (Wrm- Woa)
AL NO PERSON
CO LE
OL 18
IN
G 19

LO
AD ITEM
HOODED Btu/hr SENS.
x CLF
AP NO YES - NO q
S
PLI
AN 20
CE
S 21

22

23

24

EQ ITEM
UIP A DDITIONAL HEAT GAINS
T. NO

25

26

27 ROOM SENSIBLE SUBTOTAL

28 SAFETY FACTOR 5% x ITEM 27

29 ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT (ITEMS 27 + 28)

CFM x 1.10 x DELTA T (db)

VENTILATION
30
LOAD

LA ITEM q LATENT x NUMBER q LATENT, Btu/hr

TE
NT 31 PEOPLE
LO
32 EQUIPMENT
AD
33 EQUIPMENT

34 ROOM LATENT

CFM x 0.70 x (Woa - Wrm)

VENTILATION
35
LOAD

COOLING LOAD SUMMARY

SENSIBLE HEAT LATENT HEAT
36 ROOM SENSIBLE (ITEM 29) 40 ROOM LATENT (ITEM 34)

37 VENTILATION AIR SENSIBLE (ITEM 30) 41 VENTILATION AIR LATENT (ITEM 35)

38 FAN MOTOR HEAT GAIN

39 GRAND SENSIBLE HEAT (ITEMS 36 + 37 + 38) 42 GRAND LATENT ITEMS (ITEM 40 + 41)

ITEM 36
44 TOTAL EQUIPMENT LOAD (ITEMS 39 + 42) 46 ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR
ITEMS 36 + 40
ITEM 44 ITEM 36
45 TONNAGE EQUIVALENT OF EQUIPMENT LOAD 47 CFM SUPPLY AIR
12000 1.1 x (Trm - Tsa)
ITEM 39
48 GRAND SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR
ITEMS 39 + 42)
DESIGN CONDITION

 Outdoor Design Condition

 Indoor Design Condition
 Latitude
 Design Month & Design Hour
 Daily Range
EXTERNAL COOLING LOAD

 Conduction:
For Roof, Walls, and Glass.

q = U x A x CLTD

 Solar:
Glass

q = A x SC x SHGF x CLF
U - VALUE
4.2.3 CMU Wall

2
ELEMENT CONSTRUCTION RESISTANCE, ft -hr-
F/Btu
1 Outside Surface (15 mph wind) 0.17
2 Cement Plaster, 19mm 0.15
3 CMU, 200mm 1.11
4 Non-Reflective Air Space 0.91
5 Batt Insulation, 50mm 7.08
6 Gypsum Board, 15mm 0.534
7 Inside Surface (still air) 0.68
TOTAL 10.634

2
U-Value = 1 / 10.634 = 0.094 Btu/ ft -hr-F
B: FOR WALLS:

CLTDcorr. = (CLTD+LM) x K + (78-Tr)

x (Toa - 85)
WHERE:
CLTD = Cooling Load Temp. Diff., refer to
ASHRAE GRP=158 Table 3.10.
LM = CLTD correction for Latitude-
Month Correction, Table 3.12.
K = Color Adjustment Factor
Tr = Inside Room Temperature
Toa= Average Outside Temperature.
INTERNAL LOAD
1. PEOPLE

q = ( qs per person x no. of

person ) + ( ql per person x no.
of people )

where :
q = Total Heat Gain from People,
Btu/H
qs = Sensible heat gain per person,
BTU/H
ql = Latent Heat Gain per person,
BTU/H
TABLE 3 OF ASHRAE 1997 FUNDAMENTALS
RATE OF HEAT GAIN FOR OCCUPANT

DEGREE OF TYPE OF SENSIBLE HEAT, LATENT HEAT,

ACTIVITY SPACE Btu/h Btu/h
Seated at rest Theater 245 105
Seated, very light work Offices 245 155
Moderately active work Offices 250 200
Walking, standing Offices 250 250
Sedentary work Dining Areas 275 275
Light bench work Shops 275 475
Light machine work Shops 375 625
Heavy work Shops 580 870
Athletics Gymnasium 710 1090
Note: Tabulated values above are based on room temp. at 75F DB. For 80F DB room temp., the total heat remains
t He same, but the sensible heat values should be decreased by 20%, and the latent heat values increased accordingly.
2. LIGHTING

qs = 3.41 x w x BF
where:

qs - Sensible Cooling Load,

BTU/H

w - Total Lamp Wattage, watts.

BF - Ballast Factor.
AVERAGE VALUES OF BALLAST
FACTOR FOR FLUORESCENT
LIGHTS

LAMP WATTAGE NO. OF LAMP/FIXTURE BALLAST FACTOR

35 - 40 1 1.30
35 - 40 2 1.20
60 - 75 1 1.30
60 - 75 2 1.20
110 1 1.25
110 2 1.07
160 1 1.15
160 2 1.08
185 - 215 1 1.08
215 2 1.06
Note: For incandescent lighting where ballast is not required, no factor should be added. Unoccupied diversity
factor shall be used only when fraction of lights are switched on during the unoccupied equipment operation
period.
3. EQUIPMENT LOAD

 POWER EQUIPMENT

 OFFICE EQUIPMENT

 RESTAURANT EQUIPMENT

 HOSPITAL &
LABORATORY
EQUIPMENT
 POWER EQUIPMENT

 qs = ( A or B or C ) x no. of motors.
Referring to ASHRAE 1997 Fundamentals Table 4 - Heat Gain from Typical Electric Motors
are as follows:

MOTOR NAME- (A) MOTOR IN, (B) MOTOR OUT, (C) MOTOR IN, DRIVEN
PLATE OR RATED MOTOR DRIVEN EQUIP. DRIVEN EQUIP. EQUIP. OUT, Btu/hr
HP TYPE IN, Btu/hr IN, Btu/hr
0.05 Shaded Pole 360 130 240
0.08 Shaded Pole 580 200 380
Shaded Pole 900 320 590
0.16 Shaded Pole 1160 400 760
0.25 Split Phase 1180 640 540
0.33 Split Phase 1500 840 660
0.50 Split Phase 2120 1270 850
0.75 3-Phase 2650 1900 740
1 3-Phase 3390 2550 850
1.5 3-Phase 4960 3820 1140
2 3-Phase 6440 5090 1350
3 3-Phase 9430 7640 1790
5 3-Phase 15500 12700 2790
7.5 3-Phase 22700 19100 3640
10 3-Phase 29900 24500 4490
15 3-Phase 44400 38200 6210
20 3-Phase 58500 50900 7610
25 3-Phase 72300 63600 8680
30 3-Phase 85700 76300 9440
40 3-Phase 114000 102000 12600
50 3-Phase 143000 127000 15700
 OFFICE EQUIPMENT

 qs = (A) x no. of equipment

Recommended Rate of Heat Gain from Selected Office Equipment are listed below:

(A) RATE OF HEAT GAIN, Btu/h

APPLIANCES SIZE (Sensible)
Personal Computer 16 - 640 Kbytes 300 - 1800
Plotter - 214
Laser Printer 8 pages/min. 1025
Letter Quality Printer 30 - 45 char/min 1000
Blue Printer - 3930 - 42700
Printer Terminal - 270 - 600
Copier, large 30 - 67 copies/min. 5800 - 22500
Copier, small 6 - 30 copies/min. 1570 - 5800
Microfilm Reader/Printer - 3920
Electric Typewriter - 230
Coffee Maker 10 cups 3580 sens; 1540 latent
Microwave Oven 28 L 1360
Paper Shredder - 680 - 8250
Water Cooler 30 L/h 5970
Note: Other office equipment not listed above, heat gain should then be referred to Table 9A of ASHRAE 1997
Fundamentals, Chapter 28 and/or manufacturers manual.
 RESTAURANT EQUIPMENT

qe = ( qs + ql ) x no. of equipment
3.5.1 Recommended Rate of Heat Gain from Restaurant Equipment (without hood) Locate
Conditioned Areas are listed below:

RATE OF HEAT GAIN, Btu/h

APPLIANCES SIZE SENSIBLE LATENT
Blender, per quart of capacity 1-4 qt. 180 95
Coffee Brewer 12 cups/2 brnrs 3750 1910
Ice Maker, large 220 lb/day 9320 -
Ice Maker, small 110 lb/day 6410 -
3
Refrigerator, large 25-74 ft 665 -
3
Refrigerator, small 6-25 ft 300 -
Toaster, large pop-up 10 slices 9590 8500
Toaster, small pop-up 4 slices 4470 3960
Hot Plate 2 burners 11700 3470

3.5.2 Recommended Rate of Heat Gain from Restaurant Equipment (exhaust hood
required) Located in Air-Conditioned Areas are listed below:

RATE OF HEAT GAIN, Btu/h

APPLIANCES SIZE SENSIBLE LATENT
Fryer, deep fat 35-50 lb. oil 1200 -
Fryer, pressurized 13-33 lb. 59 -
2
Griddle/grill 2.5-4.5 ft 400 -
Hot Plate 2 burners 3410 -
Range 2-10 burners 6590 -

Note: For additional office equipment not listed above, heat gain should then be referred to Table 8 of
ASHRAE 1997 Fundamentals, Chapter 28 and/or manufacturers manual.
 4. VENTILATION LOAD

 VENTILATION STANDARD IS
AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING
STANDARD:

1. TABLE 5.3 ASHRAE GRP 158

2. ASHRAE FUNDAMENTAL
2009 EDITION

3. ASHRAE 62.1-2007 STANDARD

VENTILATION LOADS

qs = 1.1 x CFMoa x ( toa - tm )

where :
CFM oa = Outdoor Air
t oa = Outdoor Dry Bulb
Temperature
tm = Room Dry Bulb
Temperature
VENTILATION LOAD

LATENT LOAD:

ql = 0.7 x CFMoa x ( Woa -Wrm)

Where:
(Woa-Wrm) = Humidity Ratio
Difference between Outdoor Air and
Indoor Air. Use Psychometric Chart.
COOLING LOAD SUMMARY
 SCECO-East Headquarters ROOM COOLING LOAD
P. O. Box 5190 Dammam
31422 Saudi Arabia CALCULATION

ROOM NO. _____________ AREA U BASE CORR. HEAT GAIN, Btu/hr

2
ft FACTOR CLTD CLTD SC SHFG CLF SENS. LAT.

ROOF
N - - - -
NE - - - -
E - - - -
EXTERIOR WALLS SE - - - -
AND DOORS S - - - -
SW - - - -
W - - - -
NW - - - -
COND -- -
S N - - - -
NNE / NNW - - - -
EXTERIOR GLASS

O NE / NW - - - -
ENE / WNW - - - -
L E/W - - - -
ESE / WSW - - - -
A SE / SW - - - -
SSE / SSW - - - -
R S - - - -
HORIZ. - - - -
PARTITION/CEILING/FLOOR Delta t = ______ F - -
TOTAL EXTERNAL HEAT GAIN -
LIGHTS INPUT RATING x CLF -
PEOPLE SENSIBLE NO. OF PEOPLE x SENSIBLE HEAT GAIN x CLF -
LATENT NO. OF PEOPLE x LATENT HEAT GAIN -
APPLIANCES SENSIBLE HEAT GAIN x CLF -
LATENT HEAT GAIN -
POWER HEAT GAIN x CLF -
VENTILATION & SENSIBLE 1.10 x CFM oa x ( toa - t rm ) -
INFILTRATION LATENT 0.70 x CFM oa x ( Woa - Wrm ) -
TOTAL ROOM HEAT GAIN
TOTAL ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT GAIN
SUPPLY AIR REQUIRED = = _____________ CFM
1.10 x ( t rm - t sa )

rclc.xls
CONCLUSION:

 Proper Cooling Load

Estimate Requires
proper Data Gathering

 Proper Judgment &

Good Engineering
Sense must Guide You!

 Available H&CLE
Software is available;
but….
 END OF
PRESENTATION