(8.96/8.

87) Two rigid tanks shown in Figure each

contain 10 kg of N2 gas at 1000 K and 500 kPa. They
are now thermally connected to a reversible heat pump,
which heats one and cools the other with no heat
transfer to the surroundings. When one tank is heated to
1500 K the process stops. Find the final (P, T) in both
tanks and the work inputs to the heat pump, assuming
constant heat capacities.

1000 K  1500 K

1 3 1 2

Thermodynamics – Chapter 8 1
C.V.1: Hot tank B
Process : V  constant  1W2  0
Energy equation : m u2  u1   1 Q2  1W2 = 1 Q2  0
m u2  u1   mCv (T2  T1 )  10 kg  0.7448 kJ/kg.K  (1500  1000) K
1 Q2  3734 kJ
PT 500 kPa  1500 K
P2  1 2   750 kPa
T1 1000 K
C.V.2: Total (A+B)
For this C.V only WHP cross the control surface and no heat transfer
Entropy equation :  S2  S1 tot  0  mhot  s2  s1   mcold  s3  s1 
 T2   P2   T3   P3 
C p ,hot ln    R ln    C p ,cold ln    R ln    0
 T1   P1   T1   P1 
2
 P3 T3 P2 T2
using  ;  and C p  Cv  R,
P1 T1 P1 T1

 T2   T2   T3   T3 
C p ,hot ln    R ln    C p ,cold ln    R ln    0
 T1   T1   T1   T1 

 T2   T3 
Cv ,hot ln    Cv ,cold ln    0, and C v is same
 T1   T1 
T1 1000 K
T3  T1   1000 K   667 K
T2 1500 K
P1  T3 500 kPa  667 K
P3    333.5 kPa
T1 1000 K
Qcold  1 Q3  mCv (T3  T1 ) = -2480 J
WHP  QHot  Qcold  1 Q2  1 Q3  1244 kJ

3
(8.100/8.84) Argon in a light bulb is at 90 kPa and
heated from 20oC to 60oC with electrical power. Do
not consider any radiation, nor the glass mass. Find
the total entropy generation per unit mass of argon.

C.V. Argon gas and neglect heat transfer Q  0 

Energy equation: m u2  u1   1 Q2  1W2 (electrical)
m u2  u1   0  (  1W2 )
q
Entropy equation:  s2  s1     1 s2 gen  0  1 s2 gen
T
P2 T2
Process: V  contant and ideal gas  
P1 T1

Engineering Thermodynamics 4
 T2 P2
s
1 2 gen
 s2  s1  C p 0 ln  R ln
T1 P1
T2 T2
 C p 0 ln  R ln
T1 T1
T2
 C p 0  R  ln
T1
T2
 Cv 0 ln
T1
 60+273 
 0.312 ln    0.04 kJ/kg.K
 20+273 

Engineering Thermodynamics 5
(8.120/8.138) A reversible heat pump uses 1 kW of
power input to heat a 250C room, drawing energy
from outside at 150C. Assuming every process is
reversible, what are the total rates of entropy into the
heat pump from the outside and from the heat pump
to the room?
TH  25o C

CV: Total setup

Q H

Reversible HP W  1 kW

Q L

TH  15o C

Thermodynamics – Chapter 8 6
C.V. Heat Pump
. . .
Energy Eqn.: Q + W  Q
L H

dSc.m 1
Entropy Eqn.:   Q  S gen
dt T
. . . .

Q L
Q H
Q L
Q H
0   0    flux of entropy
TL TH TL TH

Q H TH .
TH .
 Q 
TH  TL W
COPHP  
W TH  TL H

. .
.
Q H W 1 QL
   0.1 kW/K 
TH TH  TL 25  15 TL

7
(8.122/8.143) Room air at 23oC is heated by a
2000W space heater with a surface filament
temperature of 700 K. The room at steady state
loses heat to the outside, which is at 7 0C. Find
the rate of entropy generation and specify where
it is made

dScm Q 
Entropy Eqn. for C.V. at steady state:  0    S gen
dt T

Thermodynamics – Chapter 8 8
 C.V.1: Heater Element
Q  (2000) W
dQ
S gen ,C .V .1        2.857 W/K
T T 700 K

C.V.2: Space between heater 700 0C and room 230C

Q dQ  2000 W 2000 W 
S gen , CV 2           3.9 W/K
T T  700 K  23  273 K 

C.V.3: Wall between 230 C and 70 C outside

dQ  2000 W 2000 W 
S genCV 3        0.389 W/K
T   23  273 K  7  273 K 
 S gen is largest for largest change in 1/T

Thermodynamics – Chapter 8 9
(8.123/8.161) A small halogen light bulb receives an
electrical power of 50 W. The small filament is at
1000 K and gives out 20% of the power as light and
the rest as heat transfer to the gas, which is at 500
K; the glass is at 400 K. All the power is absorbed
by the room walls at 250C. Find the rate of
generation of the entropy in the filament, in the
entire bulb including glass, and in the entire room
including the bulb.

Thermodynamics – Chapter 8 10
 Troom  25o C

Gas 500 K

W elec
Radiation +
Conduction
Filament1000 K

glass  400 K

W elec  50 W, Q radiation  10 W, Q conduction  40 W

Thermodynamics – Chapter 8 11
C.V.1: Filament steady-state
Energy Eqn. :dECV / dt = 0 =W elec -Q rad - Q cond
Q rad Q cond 
Entropy Eqn. : dSCV / dt  0     S gen
TFil TFil

S  
Q rad  Q cond 

W elec

50 W
 0.05 W/K
gen
TFil TFil 1000 K
C.V.2: Bulb including glass
dQ  (10 W)  40 W  
S gen        0.11 W/K
T  1000 K   400 K  
C.V.3: Total Room, all energy leaves at 250 C
Q Total 50 W
S gen    0.168 W/K
Twall 298 K

Thermodynamics – Chapter 8 12
(8.104/Q) A rigid container with 200 L is divided into
two equal volumes by a partition, shown in Fig. Both
sides contain nitrogen; one side is at 2 MPa and 2000C,
while the other is at 200 kPa and 1000C. The partition
ruptures and nitrogen comes to a uniform state at 700C.
Assume the temperature of the surroundings to be 200C.
Determine the work done and net entropy change for the
process. Take constant specific heats.

C.V. Nitrogen in A + B ; 1W2  0

Thermodynamics – Chapter 8 13
State A1: VA1  100 L, PA1  2000 kPa, TA1  200 o C
PA1VA1 2000 kPa  0.1 m 3
mA1    1.424 kg
RTA1 0.2968 kJ/kg.K  473.2 K
State B1: VB1  100 L, PB1  200 kPa, TB1  100o C
PB1VB1 200 kPa  0.1 m 3
mB1    0.1806 kg
RTB1 0.2968 kJ/kg.K  373.2 K

State 2: T2  70  273.15  343.2 K

mtot RT2  mA1  mB1  RT2
P2  
Vtot VA1  VA1
1.6046 kg  0.2968 kJ/kg.K  343.2 K
 3
 817 kPa
0.2 m

Thermodynamics – Chapter 8 14
  TA 2 PA2   TB 2 PB 2 
S A B  mA C p 0 ln  R ln   mB C p 0 ln  R ln 
 TA1 PA1   TB1 PB1 

  343.2   817  
S sys  1.424 1.042  ln    0.2968  ln  
  473.2   2000 
  343.2   817  
 0.1806 1.042  ln    0.2968  ln  
  473.2   200 
 0.1894 kJ/K

1 Q2  U 2  U1  mACv 0 (TA 2  TA1 )  mBCv 0 (TB 2  TB1 )

 1.424  0.745(70  200)  0.1806  0.745(70  100)  141.95 kJ
Q2 141.95
1
S surr    0.4841 kJ/K
T0 293.2
Snet  S sys  S surr  0.1894  0.4841  0.2947 kJ/K

Thermodynamics – Chapter 8 15