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Approximations Using Differentials

The document discusses approximations using differentials and implicit differentiation. It provides examples of approximating functions using differentials, such as approximating y=√25+0.5 as 5.05. It also covers implicit differentiation, such as differentiating the implicit equation 10x^4 - 18xy^2 + 10y^3 = 48. The document outlines the steps for implicit differentiation as: 1) differentiate both sides with respect to x, 2) collect dy/dx terms on one side, 3) factor out dy/dx, and 4) solve for dy/dx.

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Eden Mae P. Cabale
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68 views22 pages

Approximations Using Differentials

The document discusses approximations using differentials and implicit differentiation. It provides examples of approximating functions using differentials, such as approximating y=√25+0.5 as 5.05. It also covers implicit differentiation, such as differentiating the implicit equation 10x^4 - 18xy^2 + 10y^3 = 48. The document outlines the steps for implicit differentiation as: 1) differentiate both sides with respect to x, 2) collect dy/dx terms on one side, 3) factor out dy/dx, and 4) solve for dy/dx.

Uploaded by

Eden Mae P. Cabale
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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APPROXIMATIONS

USING
DIFFERENTIALS
 Let a function f in x be
defined such that f: D
→R, D ⊂ R. Let y = f(x).
Let a small increase in x
be denoted by ∆x. If x
increases by ∆x then the
corresponding increase in
y is given by ∆y = f(x +
∆x) – f(x) as shown in
the figure given.
Based on the figure given, we can define the following:
 The differential of x which is represented as dx is given
by dx = ∆x.

 Differentialof y which is represented as dy is given by


dy = f’(x)dx = (dy/dx) ∆x.
Approximation Examples:
Example 1: Approximate using
differential.
 Since dy is approximately equal to ∆y,
Solution: therefore
Let us consider y =, where x = 25
and ∆x = 0.5. Then, dy = ∆x = (0.5)
=0.05
∆y =  Therefore, the approximation value of
∆y =
∆y = = 5+0.05= 5.05
= ∆y + 5
Example 2: Find the approximate
value of the function f(3.02),
where f(x) is given as 3x2+5x+3.

Solution:
We know that,
Given that, f(x) = 3x +5x+3
2

Assume x = 3, and ∆x = 0.02.


∆y = f (x + ∆x) – f (x). 
The above expression can be written as

Hence, we can write the given f (x + ∆x) = f (x) + ∆y


function as: As, dx = ∆x, it can be approximately
f (3. 02) = f (x + ∆x) written as f (x) + f ′(x) ∆x

= 3(x + ∆x)2 + 5(x + ∆x) + 3 Hence,


f (3.02) ≈ (3x2 + 5x + 3) + (6x + 5) ∆x
Now, substitute the values of x and ∆x, we get
= (3(3)2 + 5(3) + 3) + (6(3) + 5) (0.02) 
Now, simplify it to get the approximate value
= (27 + 15 + 3) + (18 + 5) (0.02)
= 45 + 0.46 
= 45.46
Therefore, the approximate value of f(3.02) is 45.46.
Chain Rule or
Differentiating a
Function of a Function
A function of a function
Consider the expression cos . Immediately we note that this is
different from the straightforward cosine function, cos x. We are
finding the cosine of , not simply the cosine of x. We call such an
expression a ‘function of a function’. Suppose, in general, that we
have two functions, f(x) and g(x). Then

y = f(g(x))
is a function of a function. In our case, the function f is the cosine
function and the function g is the square function. We could identify
them more mathematically by saying that

f(x) = cos x g(x) =


 so that
f(g(x)) = f() = cos
Example: Suppose this time that f is the square function and g is the
cosine function. That is,
f(x) = g(x) = cos x
then,
f(g(x)) = f(cos x) = (cos
Or
=
The Chain Rule:

In order to differentiate a function of a function, y = f(g(x)), that is


to find dy/dx , we need to do two things:

1. Substitute u = g(x). This gives us y = f(u) .


2. We need to use a formula that is known as the Chain Rule.
Example: Differentiate y = cos .
Let u = so that y = cos u.
It follows immediately that

The chain rule says


=
And so
= - sin u x 2x
=-2xsin
Example 2:Differentiate y = x = (cos .
Let u = cos x so that y =
It follows that
=-sin x
Then
=
=2u x –sin x
=-2cos x sin x
Example 3: Differentiate y = .
Let u = 2x − 5 so that y = .
It follows that
=2
Then
=
= x2
=20
Implicit Differentiation
"some function of y and x equals something else". Knowing x
does not lead directly to y.
 Implicit differentiation is the process of differentiating
an implicit function. An implicit function is a function
that can be expressed as f(x, y) = 0. i.e., it cannot be
easily solved for 'y' (or) it cannot be easily got into the
form of y = f(x).
Guidelines for Implicit Differentiation

1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x.

2. Collect all terms involving dy/dx on the left side of the equation
and move all other terms to the right side of the equation.

3. factor dy/dx out of the left side of the equation.

4. Solve for dy/dx.


Derive Explicitly Derive Implicitly

y=
x (-2x)

Since y=
Derive implicitly
Solution:
Derive implicitly 10x4 − 18xy2 + 10y3 = 48.

Derivative:
10 (4x3) − 18(x(2y ) + y2) + 10(3y2 ) = 0
(the middle term is explained
in "Product Rule" )
Simplify: 40x3 − 36xy  − 18y2 + 30y2  = 0
Dy/dx on left: −36xy  + 30y2  = −40x3 + 18y2
Simplify : (30y2−36xy) = 18y2 − 40x3
Simplify : 3(5y2−6xy) = 9y2 − 20x3
∂

THANK YOU !!!!!!


 C=sin (ab) b= Find dc/da

 = + ()

 = = -cos (a-b)
 = = -cos (a-b)

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