The Characteristics,

Processes, and Ethics of

Research
Lesson Objectives

Define a research.
Describe the characteristics of a good
research.
Identify the processes of conducting a
research.
Enumerate the ethics in conducting a
research.
Research

Defined as the scientific investigation of

phenomena which includes collection,
presentation, analysis and interpretation of
facts that lines an individual‘s speculation
with reality (Calmorin and Calmorin, 2007).
Aims to give solution or improvement to an
identified problem in the context.
Characteristics of Research

1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or

observation by the researcher.
Characteristics of Research

2. Logical.
Research is based
on valid procedures
and principles.
Characteristics of Research

3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it

starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
Characteristics of Research

4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical

procedures in gathering the data, whether historical,
descriptive, and experimental and case study.
Characteristics of Research

5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise

judgment.
Characteristics of Research

6. Methodical.
Research is conducted
in a methodical
manner without bias
using systematic
method and
procedures.
Characteristics of Research

7. Replicability.
The research
design and
procedures are
replicated or
repeated to enable
the researcher to
arrive at valid and
conclusive results.
Components of
the Research
Process
THE RESEARCH TITLE
 Generally, the title
1. should summarize the main idea of the
paper;
2. should be a concise statement of the main
topic;
3. must include the major variable/s.
4. shouldshow the relationship of the main
variables under study; and
5. must be self-explanatory.
REMINDERS:

1. In formulating the title, the

researcher should avoid using words
that serve no useful purposes and can
mislead indexers. Words such as
methods, results, and investigations
appear redundant when used in thesis
titles.
2. In many cases, the general problem or even
the specific question that the researcher
intends to answer, when rewritten in a
statement forms can serve as the title.

3.The title must have 10 to 15 words.

SAMPLE RESEARCH TITLES
1. TESTING THE EFFICIENCT MARKET HYPOTHESIS ON THE PHILIPPINE
PESO- DOLLAR RATES
2. THE IMPACT OF THE EUCHARISTIC CELEBRATION ON THE YOUTH OF
BARANGAY AMSIC ANGELES CITY 2001-2002
3. FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEARNING STYLES OF HIGH SCHOOL
STUDENT
4. EVALUATION OF THE SERVICES OF BANKO SENTRAL NG PILIPINAS
5. MANAGERIAL SKILLS AND DIFFICULTIES OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
MANAGERS
6. PRINCIPAL’S LEADERSHIP CAPACITIES AS PERCEIVED BY TEACHERS
7. CORRELATES OF ENGLISH PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN SELECTED
SCHOOL
8. EFFECTIVENESS OF INFORMATION EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION
IN THE AWARENESS OF BREAST FEEDING AMONG NURSING MOTHERS
SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
 Research problems are commonly found in places
where there is/are
1. Discomfort
2. Perceived difficulties in the management and
leadership system
3. Gap between the theory and the practice
4. Daily experiences of a person that require further
inquiry especially if improvements are desired;
and/or
5. A procedure that requires technologically advanced
equipment which need to function properly.
 CONSIDERATIONS IN FORMULATING A
RESEARCH PROBLEM
External Criteria
1. Novelty- is the practical value of the problem due to
its “newness” in the field of inquiry.
2. Availability of subject- refers to people with desired
capability and willingness to participate in the study:
the sample of study participants must be
representative enough to ensure reliability and validity
of result.
3. Administrative support- refers to the sponsorship by a
department or the institution itself in the gathering of
data and defraying the cost of the study.
4. Availability and ethical considerations
 The Problem / Objectives
• The first chapter of the research is entitled the Problem or the
Problem and Its Background its purpose is to introduce the
problem clarify important variables and delimitation, and its
significance to the field study. It has the following essential
elements.
• INTRODUCTION
• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
• SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• NOTES IN CHAPTER I
 PROBLEM / OBJECTIVES

HYPOTHESES

THEORETICAL/ CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

ASSUMPTIONS

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

RESEARCH DESIGN

DATA
COLLECTION

DATA PROCESSING AND STATISTICAL

TREATMENT

ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Ethics in Research

Ethics generally is considered to deal

with beliefs about what is right or
wrong, proper or improper, good or
bad. According to a dictionary
definition (Webster’s 1968), to be
ethical is to conform to accepted
professional practice.
Ethical considerations in conducting research
 Honesty

Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honesty

report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication
status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not
deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public.
 Objectivity

Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data

interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing,
expert testimony, and other aspects of research where
objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or
self-deception. Disclose personal or financial interests that may
affect research.
Ethical considerations in conducting research
 Integrity

Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity;

strive for consistency of thought and action.
 Carefulness

Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically

examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep
good records of research activities, such as data collection,
research design, and correspondence with agencies or
journals.
Ethical considerations in conducting research
 Openness

Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism

and new ideas.
 Respect for Intellectual Property
Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property.
Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without
permission. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all
contributions to research. Never plagiarize.
 Confidentiality

Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants

submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military
secrets, and patient records.
Ethical considerations in conducting research
 Responsible Publication
Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to
advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and
duplicative publication.
 Responsible Mentoring
Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote
their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.
 Respect for colleagues
Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.
Ethical considerations in conducting research

Social Responsibility
Strive to promote social good and prevent or
mitigate social harms through research, public
education, and advocacy.
Non-Discrimination

Avoid discrimination against colleagues or

students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or
other factors not related to scientific
competence and integrity.
Ethical considerations in conducting research

Competence

Maintain and improve your own professional

competence and expertise through lifelong education
and learning; take steps to promote competence in
science as a whole.
Legality

Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and

governmental policies.
Unethical practices in conducting research

1. Deceiving a respondent about the true purpose of a study

2. Asking a respondent questions that cause him or her
extreme embarrassment; guilt emotional turmoil by
remaining him or her of an unpleasant experience
3. Invading the privacy of a respondent
4. Studying the respondents or research subjects without
their knowledge
5. When analyzing the data—revealing only part of the facts,
presenting facts out of context, falsifying findings or
offering misleading presentation such as lying with
statistics