Fluid Momentum

Presentation by
Dr Peter Kay
Recap
Machine Operation
• Bernoulli's Equation with a pump

𝑝2
Pressure Loss (due
Pressure Rise
to friction and minor
(due to pump)
losses)
𝐻 Tank B

𝑝1
Tank A Pump
Machine Operation
• Rearranging Bernoulli’s we get:

• Or:

• Simplifying gives:

• This is the pipe characteristic. Where:

o is not dependent on flow rate
o is dependent on flow rate
Pump Characteristics
• The pump characteristic curves Δ 𝑝𝑝
can be represented by:

o Where and are constants

specific to the pump

• Pump efficiency is not constant

because the blade shapes are only
𝜂 𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑉˙
optimal for a certain combination
of angular speed, , and flow rate .

𝑉˙
Pump Characteristics
• We now have two equations for Δ 𝑝𝑝
the pressure rise:
o Pump Characteristic Curve: Δ 𝑝𝑝 𝑜

o Pipe Characteristic Curve:

𝜂 𝑉˙ 𝑜 𝑉˙
• The pump operating point is where
these two are equal: 𝜂𝑜

𝑉˙
 25% 25% 25% 25%

Question A. B. C. D.

What is the maximum

flow rate of the pump?

A. 440 l/s
B. 660 l/s
C. 770 l/s
D. Can’t Tell
E. Don’t know
 25% 25% 25% 25%

Question A. B. C. D.

What is the flow rate of

the pump at the
operating point?

A. 440 l/s
B. 660 l/s
C. 770 l/s
D. Can’t Tell
E. Don’t know
 25% 25% 25% 25%

Question A. B. C. D.

What is the maximum

efficiency of the pump?

A. 84 %
B. 95 %
C. 96 %
D. Can’t Tell
E. Don’t know
 25% 25% 25% 25%

Question A. B. C. D.

What is the operating

efficiency of the pump?

A. 84 %
B. 95 %
C. 96 %
D. Can’t Tell
E. Don’t know
Today’s Lecture
• Fluid momentum
o Determine forces produced by flow
o Determine reaction forces to the flow
• Overview of Lift and Drag
Fluid Momentum
• Consider this nozzle:
o Entry Velocity:
o Exit Velocity:
o Mass flowrate:
• From continuity
• Therefore the flow is accelerated
𝑐1 𝑐2
• From Newton’s Second Law:
Fluid Momentum
𝐹 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
• Therefore the force acting on the fluid is:

• However, there has to be an equal and opposite force

acting on the nozzle

𝑐1 𝑐2
Change of Direction
Fluid Momentum
• Consider this fluid flow changing direction.

2
𝑐
• This can be solved by taking components:
o Force in -direction:

o Force in -direction:

• For multiple inlets and outlets the momentum forces

𝑐1
are calculated from:
𝑦

𝑥
Fluid Momentum
• The velocity components are found by using
trigonometry:
𝑐𝑦
𝑐

𝜃
𝑐𝑥
Fluid Momentum
• Applying Bernoulli's to the vane:

2
𝑐
o No change in elevation:
o Static pressure is the same:
o Assume incompressible flow:
• Therefore:
𝑐1
• In other words, unless otherwise stated, assume
that the magnitude of the velocity of the inlet and
𝑦
outlet jets are the same.
o However the components will not be equal…
𝑥
Worked Example
• A flat plate of mass 10 kg is constrained horizontally but may move
vertically without any resistance. A jet of water of 0.2 m diameter
impinges at right angles on the underside of the plate.
o Calculate the velocity of the jet if the plate is to remain stationary
against the action of gravity.
Worked Example
• Draw a sketch to be sure of the problem and
the fluid directions.
• Plate is constrained in -direction, therefore
only need to consider forces in the -direction.
𝑚=10 𝑘𝑔
o For inlet: 𝑐2 𝑐2
o For outlet:
• Therefore:

𝑥
𝑐1
Worked Example
• From previous slide:

• This is the force on the fluid, therefore the

𝑚=10 𝑘𝑔
force on the plate is equal and opposite 𝑐2 𝑐2

𝑥
𝑐1
Worked Example
• From previous slide:

• This force is equal to the force exerted by the

plate due gravity.
𝑚=10 𝑘𝑔
• Rearranging, gives: 𝑐2 𝑐2

𝑥
𝑐1
Pelton Wheel
• Pelton wheels are an impulse-type turbine.
• The design of the Pelton wheel ‘buckets’ turn the
water through nearly 180°.
• The Pelton wheel turbine is very efficient ()
Lift and Drag
Lift and Drag

Lift
Thrust Drag

Weight
Lift
• Lift is a force created that is perpendicular to
the flow.
• Aircraft wings are shaped such that the flow
over the top is faster than the flow under the
wing.
• From Bernoulli’s, if the elevation is the same
then:

• Therefore, as the speed over the top of the

wing increases, this results in a pressure
difference which causes lift.
Drag Form Skin
Drag Drag
• Drag is a force that is parallel to the flow and
is created from in a number of ways. The main
two are:
o Skin Drag: Due to the friction of the air
molecules on the surface
o Form Drag: Due to the pressure changes
caused by the body
Lift and Drag
• The lift and drag forces are calculated as:

• Where: and are the lift an drag coefficients respectively.

Car Evolution
 25% 25% 25% 25%

Question
What is the purpose of the highlighted object?
A. B. C. D.

A. Generate downforce
B. Reduce drag
C. Don’t know
 25% 25% 25% 25%

Question
What is the purpose of the highlighted object?
A. B. C. D.

A. Generate downforce
B. Reduce drag
C. Don’t know
 Fluid Momentum
Presentation by
Dr Peter Kay