Chapter (2)

Systems
2.1 General introduction
2.2 Control volume
2.3The conservation of energy

• Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be changed in form.

Initial energy Energy entering Final energy Energy leaving

of the system the system of the system the system
2.4 Energy forms in thermodynamic systems

i. Gravitational potential energy (9.81Z)

ii. Kinetic energy ()

iii. Internal energy (U)
iv. Flow or displacement energy (Pv)

v. Heat received or rejected (Q)

vi. External work done (W)
(iv) Flow or displacement energy (Pv)
Flow entering
Flow leaving
l

Pressure P
Pressure System
P
Entry or exit
area = A Specific volume = v = Al

Fig 2.3 System entry, system exit

Work done = force ×distance

Force = pressure ×area = P×A
Flow work or displacement work = PAl = Pv
(v) Heat received or rejected
• If heat is received then Q is positive.
• If heat is rejected then Q is negative.
• If heat is neither received nor rejected then Q=0.

(vi) External work done

• If external work is done by the fluid then W is positive.
• If external work is done on the fluid then W is negative.
• If no external work is done on or by the fluid then W = 0.
2.5 The closed system
 The substance enclosed by the system will posses internal energy U, if the
substance within the system may experience some degree of turbulence.

E = U+

E = total energy

 By the principle of conservation of energy,

E1  Q  E 2  W
Example 2.1 In a process carried out on a closed system, the heat transferred into the system was
2500 kJ and the work transferred from the system was 1400 kJ. Determine the change in total
energy, and state whether it is an increase or a decrease.

Q = 2500 kJ

W = 1400 kJ

E=?

E = Q-W

= 2500-1400 = 1100 kJ
Example 2.2 In a process carried out on a closed system, the work transferred into the system was
4200 kJ and the increase in the total energy of the system was 3500 kJ. Determine the heat
transferred and state the direction of transfer.

W = -4200 kJ

E = 3500 kJ

Q =?

E = Q-W
3500 = Q-(-4200)
Q = -700 kJ
2.6 The non-flow energy equation

E = U+

If the contained substance is considered to be at rest, there is no turbulence; and

will be zero.

Q = W+ΔU
U1  Q  U 2  W
Example 2.3 During the working stroke of an engine the heat transferred out of the system
was 150 kJ/kg of working substance. The internal energy also decreased by 400 kJ/kg of
working substance. Determine the work done and state whether it is work done on or by the
engine.
Q = 150 kJ/kg
u = -400 kJ/kg
W=?
Q = W+u
W = -150+400 = 250 kJ/kg
2.7 The open system

• Energy of the fluid mass entering the system =

• Energy of the fluid mass entering the system =
+Q = + +W
)+ ( )+ ()+ ()

12
2.8 The steady-flow energy equation
• The total energy of the fluid mass in the system remains constant ( ) ( )+ ()+
()

PE (neglected) + +Q= ++W

Continuity of mass flow
• For a fluid substance flowing through a steady-flow open system, the mass
flow rate through any section in the system must be constant.

m°= mass flow, kg/s

v = specific volume, /s
A = cross-sectional area,
C = velocity, m/s
Example 2.4 In a steady-flow open system a fluid substance flows at the rate of 4 kg/s. It enters the system at a pressure of 600
kN/m2, a velocity of 220 m/s, internal energy 2200 kJ/kg and specific volume 0.42 m 3/kg. It leaves the system at a pressure of 150
kN/m2, a velocity of 145 m/s, internal energy 1650 kJ/kg and specific volume 1.5 m 3/kg. During its passage through the system, the
substance has a loss by heat transfer of 40 kJ/kg to the surroundings. Determine the power of the system, stating whether it is from or
to the system. Neglect any change of gravitational potential energy.
Power =?
m= 4 kg/s

P1 = 600 kN/m2 C2 C2
1 1
u  Pv  Q u  Pv  W
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
C1 = 220 m/s
 C2  C2 
u1 =2200 kJ/kg
     1 2

Q
W  u  u   P v  P v  
v1 = 0.42 m3/kg  1 2  1 1 2 2  2 

 
P2 = 150 kN/m2
 220 2  1452 
C2 = 145 m/s W  2200  1650   600  0.42  150  1.5    - 40
 3 
 2  10 
u2 =1650 kJ/kg
W = 550.69 kJ/kg
v2 = 1.5 m /kg
3

Power output from the system = 550.69 × 4 = 2202.75 kW

Q = - 40 kJ/kg
Example 2.5 Lead is extruded slowly through a horizontal die. The pressure difference across the
die is 154.45 MN/m2. Assuming there is no cooling through the die, determine the temperature
rise of the lead. Assume the lead is incompressible and to have a density of 11360 kg/m3 and a
specific heat capacity of 130 J/kg K. C2
1
C2
1
U  PV   Q U  PV  W
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2

P1-P2 = 154.45 MN/m2 U  PV  0  0  U  P V  0  0

1 1 1 2 2 2

= 11360 kg/m3 U2-U1 = P1V1 – P2V2

c = 130 J/kg K U2-U1 = mcΔt

Δt = ?
mcΔt = V (P1-P2)
ΔPE = 0 (horizontal die)
t 2  t1   VP1  P2 
KE = 0 (slowly through) mc

Q = 0 (no cooling) t 2  t1   
1  154.45  106 
11360  130
W = 0 (incompressible)
= 104.6 K =104.6 °C
V1= V2= V (incompressible)
Example 2.6 Air passes through a gas turbine system at the rate of 4.5 kg/s. It enters the turbine system with a velocity of 90 m/s
and a specific volume of 0.85 m3/kg. It leaves the turbine system with a specific volume of 1.45 m 3/kg. The exit area of the
turbine system is 0.038 m2. In its passage through the turbine system, the specific enthalpy of the air is reduced by 200 kJ/kg and
there is a heat transfer loss of 40 kJ/kg. Determine
(a)the inlet area of the turbine in m2
(b)the exit velocity of the air in m/s
the power developed by the turbine system in kilowatts.
A1C1
m° = 4.5 kg/s (a) m 
v1

C1 = 90 m/s m v1 4.5  0.85

A1    0.0425 m 2
C1 90
v1 = 0.85 m3/kg
A 2C 2
(b) m 
v2 = 1.45 m /kg
3
v2
m v 2 4.5  1.45
A2 = 0.038 m 2 C2    171.71 m / s
A2 0.038
h1- h2 = 200 kJ/kg C12 C 22
(c) h1   Q  h2  W
Q = -40 kJ/kg 2 2

  C   
2
 C 22 902  171.712
A1 = ? W  h1  h 2 1
 Q  200   40
2 2  103
C2= ?
W = 149.3 kJ/kg
power developed = ? Power developed = 149.3 ×4.5 = 671.85 kW
End of Chapter (2)

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