Thermodynamics I

Lecture session 1
Course code: WBVP17TD1
Lecturer: Ir. Tamizhselvan Munuswamy

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Introduction and basic
concepts
Thermodynamics: The science of energy.

Energy: The ability to cause changes.

The name thermodynamics stems from the Greek words

therme (heat) and dynamis (power).

Conservation of energy principle: During an interaction,

energy can change from one form to another but the total
amount of energy remains constant.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

The first law of thermodynamics: An expression of the

conservation of energy principle.
The first law asserts that energy is a thermodynamic property.

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 Systems and control volumes
• System: A quantity of matter or a region in
space chosen for study.
• Surroundings: The mass or region outside the
system
• Boundary: The real or imaginary surface that
separates the system from its surroundings.
• The boundary of a system can be fixed or
movable.
• Systems may be considered to be closed or
open.

• Closed system
(Control mass):
A fixed
amount of mass,
and no mass can
cross its boundary.

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Application Areas of Thermodynamics

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Processes and cycles
Process: Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another.
Path: The series of states through which a system passes during a process.
To describe a process completely, one should specify the initial and final states, as well
as the path it follows, and the interactions with the surroundings.
Quasistatic or quasi-equilibrium process: When a process proceeds in such a manner
that the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times.

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• Process diagrams plotted by
employing thermodynamic properties
as coordinates are very useful in
visualizing the processes.
• Some common properties that are used
as coordinates are temperature T,
pressure P, and volume V (or specific
volume v).
• The prefix iso- is often used to
designate a process for which a
particular property remains constant.
• Isothermal process: A process during
which the temperature T remains
constant.
• Isobaric process: A process during
which the pressure P remains constant.
• Isochoric (or isometric) process: A
process during which the specific
volume v remains constant.
• Cycle: A process during which the
initial and final states are identical.
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Otto cycle
Blue: Intake stroke
Green: Compression stroke
Red: Power stroke
Yellow: Exhaust stroke

i.e. the net work done per cycle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNcZDrfT498&t=7s&list=PL
nWIFovKMUy5UY53KsgdxWuOysPex34ma&index=2

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 First law of thermodynamics

𝑄 =∆ 𝑈 +𝑊
Heat added to change in work done
the system total internal energy on the system

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 Sign convention
Work done BY the system is +ve
Obviously work done ON the system is -ve
Heat given TO the system is +ve
Obviously Heat rejected by the system is -ve

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 Ideal gas law
𝑝𝑉 =𝑚 𝑅 𝑠 𝑇

external internal

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 Ideal gas law
Rs is the specific gas constant, given by the unit ( kJ / kg.K )

Now, V (Total Volume) = m.v (Sp. Vol.)

→ PV = mRT
Thus, for a fixed mass;

P1V1 P2V2

T1 T2
Behaviour of a Real Gas approaches to the that of an Ideal Gas, at low densities.
Thus, at low pressures and high temperatures, the density of the gas decreases
and the gas approaches to Ideal Gas.

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 Heat & Work
Energy can cross the Boundary of the System in 2 forms : 1. Heat
2. Work
Heat is a form of Energy transferred between 2 Systems
( or a System and the surroundings ) by virtue of
Temperature Difference (∆T).
Heat i.e. Heat is Energy in TRANSITION.
CLOSED
System Process involving no Heat Exchange is known as
Work
ADIABATIC Process. Atmosphere 25ºC

25 ºC
Q=0 Heat, Q

Adiabatic 15 ºC

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 Heat & Work
Possibilities of Adiabatic Process :

1. Perfect Insulation : Negligible Energy transfer through Boundary.

2. Both System and Surrounding at same temperature.

No Energy transfer due to absence of driving force (∆T).

NOTE : Adiabatic Process ≠ Isothermal Process

No Heat Transfer Energy content & temperature of the system can

be changed with help of Work.

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 Specific heat
DEFINITION :
m = 1 kg
∆T = 1 ºC The Energy required to raise the temperature of a
Sp. Heat = 5 kJ/kg ºC unit mass of a substance by 1 degree.

5 kJ
Specific Heat at Constant Pressure (CP) :

The Energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by 1 degree, as the
Pressure is maintained CONSTANT.

Specific Heat at Constant Volume (CV) :

The Energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by 1 degree, as the
Volume is maintained CONSTANT.
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 Relation Cp Cv Rs
Perfectly isolated; is retained!
𝑇2 𝑝2
𝒑=𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕=𝒑 𝟐
𝑇1 𝑝1

𝑸 𝟏=¿
Constant volume
𝑸 =¿ Constant pressure
𝟐
𝑄1=𝑄𝑣 =𝑚∙ 𝑐 𝑣 ∙(𝑇 2 −𝑇 1)
𝑄1 +𝑄2 =𝑄𝑝 =𝑚 ∙ 𝑐 𝑝 ∙(𝑇 2 − 𝑇 1)

Difference is volume work

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PdV Work
Area A Let the Piston be moving from Thermodynamic

P 2 V2 Equilibrium State 1 (P1, V1) to State 2 (P2, V2).

P 1 V1 Let the values at any intermediate Equilibrium
State is given by P and V.

State 1 State 2

For an Infinitesimal displacement, dL, the Infinitesimal Work done is;

P1
dW = F * dL = P*A*dL = PdV
Quasi-Static

Pressure
Similarly, for Process 1 – 2; we can say that; Process Path
V2 P2
W1 2   PdV
V1
V1 Volume
V2
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 Example problem 1
A hydraulic cylinder has a piston of cross sectional area 25 cm2 and a
fluid pressure of 2 MPa. If the piston is moved 0.25 m, how much work
is done?

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Example Problem 1
• Solution:
The work is a force with a displacement and force is constant: F = PA

= 2000 kPa x 25 x 10-4 m2 x 0.25 m = 1.25 kJ

Work done to move the piston = 1.25 kJ

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Constant pressure process
(Isobaric)
Constant volume process
(Isochoric)

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 Example problem 2

A piston cylinder has 1.5 kg of air at 300 K and 150 kPa. It is now heated
up in a two step process. First constant volume to 1000 K (state 2) then
followed by a constant pressure process to 1500 K (state 3). Find the
final volume and the work in the process.

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Example problem 2

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 Example problem 2
We use ideal gas approximation for air.
State 3: P3= P2
State 1: Since T1, P1, m (mass), R (gas constant) are known,
V3= V2(T3/T2)
V1= mRT1/P1 = 0.861×1500/1000 =

= 1.5 × 0.287 × = 0.861 m3 Hence, the final volume

V3 = 1.2915 m3
State 2: Since V2=V1

P2= P1(T2/T1)

= 150 × = 500 kPa

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 Example problem 2

Work done during the process, W1-3

W1-3= W1-2+ W2-3

Work done during process 1-2, W1-2= 0 as this is a constant volume process.

Hence, W1-3=W2-3= P3(V3-V2)=P2(V3-V2)

=500 (1.2915 -0.861) = 215.3 kJ

The work done in the process = 215.3 kJ

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Constant temperature process
(Isothermal)

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 Example problem 3
A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.4 m3 of air at 100 kPa and 80°C. The air is
now compressed to 0.1 m3 in such a way that the temperature inside the cylinder
remains constant. Determine the work done during this process.

Solution:

Assumptions:

• The compression process is quasi-equilibrium.

• At specified conditions, air can be considered to be an ideal gas since it is at a high

temperature and low pressure relative to its critical-point values.

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Example problem 3

Solution:

For an ideal gas at constant temperature T0

𝑪
𝑽

Where C is a constant

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 Example problem 3
Work, W =

can be replaced by P2V2 or mRT0

Also, V2/V1 can be replaced by P1/P2 as P1V1 = P2V2

Substituting the numerical values,

]
The work done during the process is -55.5 KJ.
The negative sign indicates that this work is done on the system (a work input),
which is always the case for compression processes.
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Polytropic process

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 Path & process
h=Const s=Const
V=Const Isenthalpic Isentropic
Isochoric

Temperature (T)
Pressure (P)

P=Const T=Const
Isobaric Isothermal

Volume (V) Enthalpy (h)/ Entropy (s)

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