Taylor’s University

Dual Degree Program

Introduction
to Finance
Topic 5
Valuation of
Future Cash
Flows
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Acknowledgement Ross et al, 2011, Essentials of Corporate Finance, 7 th Ed, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc..
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Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, students should be
able to:
•compute present value and future value of
annuities;
•calculate perpetuity; and
•calculate APR (annual percentage rate) and
EAR (effective annual rate) on a loan

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Topic Outline

• Valuing Level Cash Flows: Annuities

and Perpetuities
• Comparing Rates: The Effect of
Compounding Periods

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Basic Definitions
• Interest rate – “exchange rate” between
earlier money and later money
– Discount rate
– Cost of capital
– Opportunity cost of capital
– Required return

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Perpetuities and Annuity

Defined
• Perpetuity – infinite series of equal
payments
• Annuity – finite series of equal
payments that occur at regular
intervals
– If the first payment occurs at the end of the
period, it is called an ordinary annuity
– If the first payment occurs at the beginning
of the period, it is called an annuity due
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Perpetuities – Basic Formulas

PV=? PMT PMT PMT …. PMT
|______|_______|_______|____...____|
0 1 2 3 ∞
•Perpetuity fml: PV∞ = C / r or PMT / i
•Current required return:
 $40 = $1 / r
 r = .025 or 2.5% per quarter
•Dividend for new preferred:
 $100 = C / .025
 C = $2.50 per quarter
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Annuities– Basic Formulas

• Annuities:
PVIFA r;t

 1 
1  
(1  r ) t
PV  C  
 r 

 

 (1  r ) t  1 
FV  C  
 r 

FVIFA r;t
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Annuities and the Calculator

• You can use the PMT key on the
calculator for the equal payment
• The sign convention still holds
– Most problems are ordinary
annuities (first payment occur at the
end of each period)
Rule:
Interest(I/Y) and Periods(N) follow the
Payment(PMT)

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Annuity – Example 1
• You plan to pay $632/mth for a new
car. The financing rate is 1%/mth for
48mths. How much can you borrow?
• You borrow money TODAY so you
need to compute the present value
• Using Formula:
 1 
1  (1.01) 48 
PV  632   23,999.54
 .01 
 
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Time Line

PV=? 632 632 632 …. 632

|______|______|______|____...____| I/Y=1%
0 1 2 3 48

Practice
10
You are attempting to find the annuity value where PV is $3500
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Annuity – Example 1
• You plan to pay $632/mth for a new
car. The financing rate is 1%/mth for
48mths. How much can you borrow?

• Using financial calculator:

 N = 48; I/Y = 1; PMT = – 632; FV = 0;
CPT PV = 23,999.54 ($24,000)

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Annuity – Example 2
• Suppose you win the Publishers Clearinghouse $10
million sweepstakes. The money is paid in equal
annual installments of $333,333.33 over 30 years. If the
appropriate discount rate is 5%, how much is the
sweepstakes actually worth today?
• Using Formula:
 PV = $333,333.33[1 – 1/1.0530] / .05 =
$5,124,150.29;
• Using financial calculator:
 N = 30; I/Y = 5; PMT = 333,333.33; FV = 0;
CPT PV = -5,124,150.29
Practice
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Finding the Annuity Payment – Example 3
• Suppose you want to borrow $20,000 for a
new car. You can borrow at 8% per year,
compounded monthly (8/12 = .666666667%
per month). If you take a 4-year loan, what is
your monthly payment?
• Using formula:
 $20,000 = C[1 – 1 / 1.006666748] / .0066667
 C = $488.26
• Using financial calculator:
 N = 4(12) = 48; PV = -20,000;
I/Y = 8/12 = 0.6667; CPT PMT = 488.26
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Time Line

PV=20K PMT PMT PMT …. PMT=?

|______|______|______|____...____| I/Y=8/12%
0 1 2 3 N=4x12=48

Practice
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You are attempting to find the annuity value where PV is $3500
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Finding the Number of Payments – Example 4

• You have $1000 on your credit card
outstanding but can afford payment of only
$20 per mth. Card IR is 1.5%per mth. How long
does it take to pay off the $1000?
• Using Formula:
 $1,000 = $20(1 – 1/1.015t) / .015
 t = ln(1/.25) / ln(1.015)
= 93.111 months = 7.75 years
Using financial calculator:
I/Y = 1.5; PV = –1,000; PMT = 20; FV = 0
CPT N = 93.111 MONTHS = 7.75 years
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Time Line

PV=1K 20 20 20 …. 20
|______|______|______|____...____| I/Y=1.5%
0 1 2 3 N=?

Practice
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You are attempting to find the annuity value where PV is $3500
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Finding the Rate

• Suppose you borrow $10,000 from
your parents to buy a car. You
agree to pay $207.58 per month for
60 months. What is the monthly
interest rate?
 Sign convention matters!!!
 N = 60
 PV = – 10,000
 PMT = 207.58
 CPT I/Y = 0.75% per mth
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Quick Quiz: Part 3

Q1. You want to receive $5,000 per month for
the next 5 years. How much would you need to
deposit today if you can earn .75% per month?
•What monthly rate would you need to earn if
you only have $200,000 to deposit?
•Suppose you have $200,000 to deposit and
can earn .75% per month.
– How many months could you receive the
$5,000 payment?
– How much could you receive every month
for 5 years?
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Quick Quiz: Part 3

Q1. You want to receive $5,000 per month
for the next 5 years. How much would you
need to deposit today if you can earn .75%
per month?
Solutions: Using formula
 1 
1 
 (1.0075) 5 x1260 
PV  5000   ??
 .075 
 
Using financial calculator:
N = 5x12=60; PMT = 5000 ;I/Y =0.75;
CPT PV= – 240,867 Practice
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Quick Quiz: Part 3

Q2. You want to receive $5,000 per month
for the next 5 years. What monthly rate
would you need to earn if you only have
$200,000 to deposit?
Solutions:
Using financial calculator:
N =5x12=60; PMT =5000; PV = –200,000
CPT I/Y = 1.44% per month

Practice
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Quick Quiz: Part 3

Q3. You want to receive $5,000 per month.
Suppose you have $200,000 to deposit and
can earn .75% per month. How many months
could you receive the $5,000 payment?
Solutions: Using formula:
PV = C[1 – 1 / (1+r)t] / r
200,000 = 5,000(1 – 1 / 1.0075t) / .0075
.3 = 1 – 1/1.0075t
1.0075t = 1.428571429
t = ln(1.428571429) / ln(1.0075) = 47.73 months
Practice
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Quick Quiz: Part 3

Q3. You want to receive $5,000 per month.
Suppose you have $200,000 to deposit and
can earn .75% per month. How many months
could you receive the $5,000 payment?

Using financial calculator:

PMT =5000 ;I/Y =0.75%; PV = 200000;
CPT N= 47.73 months

Practice
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Future Values for Annuities

• Suppose you begin saving for your retirement
by depositing $2,000 per year in an IRA. If the
interest rate is 7.5%, how much will you have
in 40 years?
• Solutions: Using formula:
 FV = C[(1 + r)t – 1] / r
= $2,000(1.07540 – 1)/.075 = $454,513.04
 Using financial calculator:
 N = 40; I/Y = 7.5; PMT = 2,000;
CPT FV = 454,513.04
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Table 5.2

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Quick Quiz: Part 4
Q1.You want to have $1 million to use
for retirement in 35 years. If you can
earn 1% per month, how much do you
need to deposit on a monthly basis if
the first payment is made in one
month?
Q2. You are considering preferred
stock that pays a quarterly dividend of
$1.50. If your desired return is 3% per
quarter, how much would you be
willing to pay?
Practice
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Quick Quiz: Part 4
Q1. You want to have $1 million to use for
retirement in 35 years. If you can earn 1%
per month, how much do you need to
deposit on a monthly basis if the first
payment is made in one month?
Solutions: Using formula:
1,000,000 = C (1.0135x12= 420 – 1) / .01
C = $155.50
Using financial calculator:
N= 35x12 = 420; FV =1,000,000; I/Y = 1; CPT
PMT = $155.50
Practice
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Quick Quiz: Part 4
Q2. You are considering preferred stock
that pays a quarterly dividend of $1.50. If
your desired return is 3% per quarter,
how much would you be willing to pay?
PV=? 1.50 1.50 1.50 …. 1.50 |
______|_______|_______|____...____| I/Y=3%
0 1 2 3 ∞
Solutions:
Remember Perpetuity formula:
PV = C / r or PV = PMT / i
PV = 1.50 / .03 = $50
Practice
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Effective Annual Rate (EAR)

• This is the actual rate paid (or received)
after accounting for compounding that
occurs during the year
• If you want to compare two alternative
investments with different compounding
periods you need to compute the EAR
and use that for comparison.
**Compounded once a year

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Annual Percentage Rate (APR)

• By definition APR = period rate times
the number of periods per year
• Consequently, to get the period rate we
rearrange the APR equation:
– Period rate = APR / number of periods per
year
• You should NEVER divide the effective
rate by the number of periods per year –
it will NOT give you the period rate
**Usually compounded more than once a
year e.g. monthly or quarterly
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Computing APRs
• What is the APR if the monthly rate
(period rate) is .5%?
 .5%x12 = 6%pa compounded
monthly

• What is the monthly rate if the APR is

12% with monthly compounding?
 12% / 12 = 1% per month

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Things to Remember
• You ALWAYS need to make sure that the
interest rate and the time period match.
– If you are looking at annual periods, you
need an annual rate.
– If you are looking at monthly periods, you
need a monthly rate.
• If you have an APR based on monthly
compounding, you have to use monthly
periods for lump sums, or adjust the interest
rate appropriately if you have payments
other than monthly
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EAR - Formula
m
 APR 
EAR  1    1
 m 

Remember that the APR is the quoted rate

(in decimals), and m is the number of
compounds per year

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Computing EARs - Example
• Suppose you can earn 1% per month on $1
invested today.
– What is the APR? 1%(12) = 12%
– How much are you effectively earning
(EAR)?
• EAR = (1+0.12/12)12 – 1 = 12.68%
• Suppose if you put it in another account,
you earn 3% per quarter.
– What is the APR? 3%(4) = 12%
– How much are you effectively earning
(EAR)?
• EAR = (1+0.12/4)4 – 1 = 12.55%
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Decisions, Decisions II
• You are looking at two savings accounts.
One pays 5.25%, with daily compounding.
The other pays 5.3% with semiannual
compounding. Which account should you
use?
– First account:
• EAR = (1 + .0525/365)365 – 1 = 5.39%
– Second account:
• EAR = (1 + .053/2)2 – 1 = 5.37%
• Which account should you choose and
why?
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Using Calculator
– First account:
2ndF RESET ENTER
2ndF ICONV NOM=5.25 C/Y=365
CPT EFF=5.39%
– Second account:
2ndF RESET ENTER
2ndF ICONV NOM=5.3 C/Y=2
CPT EFF=5.37%
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Computing Payments with APRs
• Suppose you want to buy a new computer
system. The store will allow you to make
monthly payments. The entire computer
system costs $3,500. The loan period is
for 2 years and the interest rate is 16.9%
(annual) with monthly compounding. What
is your monthly payment?
 Monthly rate = .169 / 12 = .01408333333
 Number of months = 2(12) = 24
 $3,500 = C[1 – 1 /
(1.01408333333)24] / .01408333333
 C = $172.88
 N = 2(12) = 24; I/Y = 16.9/12 = 1.4083;
Practice
PV = 3,500; CPT PMT = -172.88 36
You are attempting to find the annuity value where PV is $3500
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Time Line

3500 PMT PMT PMT …. PMT=?

|_____|_____|_____|___...___| I/Y=16.9%/12
0 1 2 3 24

Practice
37
You are attempting to find the annuity value where PV is $3500
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Future Values with Monthly

Compounding
• Suppose you deposit $50 per month
into an account that has an APR of
9%, based on monthly
compounding. How much will you
have in the account in 35 years?
 Monthly rate = .09 / 12 = .0075
 Number of months = 35(12) = 420
 FV = $50[1.0075420 – 1] / .0075 =
$147,089.22
Practice
38
You are attempting to find the FV of an annuity stream
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Future Values with Monthly

Compounding
• Suppose you deposit $50 per month
into an account that has an APR of
9%, based on monthly
compounding. How much will you
have in the account in 35 years?
– N = 35(12) = 420
– I/Y = 9 / 12 = 0.75
– PMT = 50
– CPT FV = 147,089.22 Practice
39
You are attempting to find the FV of an annuity stream
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Time Line

FV=?
50 50 50 …. 50
|_____|_____|_____|___...___| I/Y=9%/12
0 1 2 3 N=35x12

Practice
40
You are attempting to find the annuity value where PV is $3500
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Quick Quiz: Part 5

• What is the definition of an APR?
Period rate x No. of comp. per year
• What is the EAR? Rate after
accounting for compounding
• Which rate should you use to compare
alternative investments or loans? EAR
• Which rate do you need to use in the
time value of money calculations?
Period rate  Use APR to get it
Practice
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Comprehensive Problem
• An investment will provide you with $100 at
the end of each year for the next 10 years.
What is the present value of that annuity if
the discount rate is 8% annually? – 671
• If you deposit those payments into an
account earning 8%, what will the future
value be in 10 years? 1448.66
• What will the future value be if you open the
account with $1,000 today, and then make
the $100 deposits at the end of each year?
3607.58
Practice
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Reading
• Ross Chapter 6

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