Geotechnical Engineering

With PINAKAGWAPONG ADVISER

where :
- total vertical stress
- unit weight of soil
- depth under consideration
STRESSES IN SOIL
Effective stress in soil is defined as the difference between total stress
and the neutrals stress or what we called pore water pressure:
Effective Stress:
’= -u
Where:
’ - Effective stress
- Total Stress
u - Pore Water Pressure or Neutral Stress
 STRESSES IN SOIL
Saturated Soil with Capillary Rise

’D = H1 +z +
STRESSES IN SOIL
STRESSES IN SOIL
STRESSES IN SOIL
Example 21
A thick layer clay underlies a sand formation having a thickness of 4.5m.
The ground water table is located 2m below the ground surface.
Specific gravity of the sand and clay is 2.65 with the sand having
average void ratio of 0.52. The clay has a moisture content of 42%.
Degree of saturation above the water table is 0.37
a) Compute the total stress at a depth of 10m below ground surface
b) Compute the effective stress at a depth 10m below ground surfece
c) Compute the neutral pressure at a depth of 6m below ground surface
STRESSES IN SOIL
Example 22
A dense silt layer has the following properties : Void Ratio = 0.40,
Effective diameter size = 0.01mm, Capillary Constant C= 0.20cm2. Free
ground water level is 8.0m below the ground surface.
a) Find the height of the capillary rise
b) Find the vertical effective stress in kPa at 5m depth. Assume = 26.5 kN/m3
and the soil above the capillary rise and the ground surface is partially
saturated at 50%
c) Find the vertical effective stress at 10m depth. Assume = 26.5 kN/m3 and
the soil above the capillary rise and ground surface is partially saturated at
50%
 STRESSES IN SOIL
Example 23
A soil profile is shown in the figure. A
zone of capillary rise of 2.5m is on
the sand layer overlying clay. In This
zone the average degree of
saturation is 60%. Compute for :
a) Effective Stress just below point B
b) Effective stress of C
c) Total stress of D
STRESSES IN SOIL
Example 24
Consider the upward flow of
water through a layer of sand in a
tank as shown in the figure. Given
that e = 0.52 Gs =2.67 determine :
a) Effective stress at B
b) Effective stress at A
c) Upward seepage force per unit
volume of the soil
STRESSES IN SOIL
Example 25
The figure shows a granular soil in a
tank having a downward seepage. The
water level in the soil tank is held
constant by adjusting the supply from
the top and the outflow at the
bottom. e= 0.47 Gs = 2.68. Determine
a) Effective stress at C
b) Effective stress at B
c) Downward seepage force per unit
volume of the soil
d) Critical Hydraulic Gradient
SOIL SETTLEMENT
Compressibility is the property due to which reduction in volume
occurs under compression. In soils, compression takes place due to
• Compression and expulsion of air in the voids
• Expulsion of water in the voids.
Consolidation is the compression of the soil mass due to expulsion of
water form the voids under a steady , static, long term pressure.
Compaction is the compression of soil mass by expulsion of air from
the voids under short duration, moving or vibratory load.
SOIL SETTLEMENT
Three types of Soil Settlement
1. Elastic Settelement (Immediate settlement) - Caused by elastic
deformation of dry soil and of moist and saturated soils without any
changes in the moisture content
2. Primary Consolidation Settlement - is the result of a volume change
in saturated cohesive sols because of expulsion of the water that
occupies the void spaces.
3. Secondary Consolidation Settlement - observed in saturated
cohesive soils and organic soil and is the result of the plastic
adjustment of soil fabrics.
SOIL SETTLEMENT
Elastic Settlement - Shape factor
) - Influence factor
) - Poisson’s ratio
- Modulus of elasticity
- net vertical pressure
- width or diameter of
footing
SOIL SETTLEMENT
Primary Consolidation Settlement
OCR<1
Normally Cosolidated Cc - Compression Index
Po - Effective pressure at the middle
height of the clay (overburden
pressure at midheight of clay)
- Surcharge Pressure
Cc = 0.009(LL-10) H- Thickness of clay layer
eo- Initial void ratio
SOIL SETTLEMENT
Over Consolidated OCR > 1
If Po+ΔP < Pc

Cs - Swell Index
• If Po+ΔP > Pc Pc - Preconsolidation
+ Pressure
Cs = 1/5 to 1/10 of Cc
OCR = Pc/Po
SOIL SETTLEMENT
Secondary Settlement
Ca - secondary compression index
ep - void ratio at the end of
ep = eo - Δe primary consolidation
T1 - time completion of primary
consolidation
Δe
T2 - time after compleation of
primary consolidation
 SOIL SETTLEMENT
Example 26
From the given soil profile shown the ground
surface is subjected to a uniformly distributed
load of 80kPa (surchage pressure). LL of the
clay layer is 42%. Determine
a) Compression index
b) Overburden pressure
c) Settlement due to primary consolidation
d) Settlement due to primary consolidation if
preconsolidation pressure is 150kPa Cs=0.2Cc
e) Settlement due to primary consolidation if
preconsolidation pressure is 180kPa Cs =0.2Cc
 SOIL SETTLEMENT
Example 27
A rigid 3m square footing is
constructed over a loose sand layer as
shown carrying 710kN load. Compute:
a) Elastic Settlement if μ = 0.32 Es=16000
kPa If=0.88
b) Primary Consolidation Settlement if the
clay is normally consolidated
c) Total consolidation settlement of clay 5
years after the completion of primary
settlement. Time for completion of
primary settlement is 2 years. Cs=0.02
Time Rate of Consolidation
• Coefficient of Compressibilty, av

• Coefficient of Consolidation, cv

• Coefficient of Volume Compressiblity,mv

• Time Factor, Tv
Tv = ; Tv = ( 0<U≤60% ; Tv = 1.781 -0.933log(100-U)
Time Rate of Consolidation
Example 28
In a consolidation test the following results have been obtained. When
the load was changed from 50kPa to 100kPa the void ratio changed
from 0.70 to 0.65.
1. Determine the coefficient of compressibility
2. Determine the coefficient of volume compressibility
3. Determine the compression index
Time Rate of Consolidation
Example 29
A saturated soil has a compression index of 0.25. Its void ratio at stress
of 10kPa is 2.02 and its permeability is 3.4x10^-7 mm/s
1. Compute the change in void ratio if the stress is increased to 19kPa
2. Compute the settlement in mm if the soil stratum is 5m thick
3. Determine the time in days required for 40% consolidation if
drainage is one way.
THANK YOU !!
• Follow up the lesson As Soon As Exam 4 Dates
Possible. April 24,2023 - Monday (CEP18 4-1)
• Study and familiarize the April 25,2023 - Tuesday (CEP18 4-2)
formula used in this topic
• Answer as many as possible
problems. Coverage :
• God Bless you all • Stresses in Soil
• Soil Settlement
• Time Rate of Consolidation