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Shell Programming: Branches

The shell variable ? holds the return code of the last command executed, with 0 indicating success and non-zero indicating failure. The test command evaluates conditions and returns a return code but does not output anything. Common tests include numeric comparisons, string comparisons, and tests on files like checking if a file is readable. Conditional statements like if, if-else, case allow branching program flow based on the results of tests.

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40 views16 pages

Shell Programming: Branches

The shell variable ? holds the return code of the last command executed, with 0 indicating success and non-zero indicating failure. The test command evaluates conditions and returns a return code but does not output anything. Common tests include numeric comparisons, string comparisons, and tests on files like checking if a file is readable. Conditional statements like if, if-else, case allow branching program flow based on the results of tests.

Uploaded by

raymart_omampo
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Shell Programming

Branches

Return Codes
The shell variable ? holds the return code of the last command executed:
0: Non-zero: Examples: $ true $ echo $? 0 $ ls $ echo $? 0 $ false $ echo $? 1 $ cp $ echo $? 1 command completed without error command terminated in error

The test command


Syntax:

test expression
or

[ expression ]
The test command can evaluate the condition of Integers

Strings
Files

Cont.
The test command writes nothing to standard output. You must display the value of the return code to determine the result of the test command There must be white space around [ and ]

The test command (numeric)


Syntax:

[ number relation number ]


Relations:

-lt less than -le less than or equal -gt greater than -ge greater than or equal -eq equal to -ne not equal to

Example: Assume X=3


$ [ $X lt 7 ] $ echo $? $ [ $X gt 7 ] $ echo $?

*variable must have a value


*you should surround all $variable expressions with double quotation marks to avoid improper variable substitution by the shell

The test command-string tests


Syntax:
[ string1 = string2 ]
[ string1 != string2 ] Example:

$ X=abc
$[ $X = abc ] $ echo $? 0

$ X=abc
$ [ $X != abc ] $ echo $? 1

Numerical versus String comparison


$ X=03 $ Y=3 $[ $X $ echo $? 0 $[ $X = $Y ] -eq $Y ]

$ echo $?
1

The test command-file tests


Syntax:

test

option filename

Example:
$ test f funfile $ echo $?

0
$ test d funfile

echo $? 1

-r

to test if file is readable

-w to test if file is write-able

-x

to test if file is executable

The test command-other operators


Syntax: -o -a ! or and Not \( \) Grouping

Examples:
$[ $ANS $[ $NUM

y o $ANS

Y ] 20 ]

-gt 10 a

$NUM lt file

$ test s file a r

The if construct
Syntax:

if
test s funfile then echo funfile exists fi echo hello

The if-else construct


Syntax:
if [ $X lt 10 ] then echo X is less than 10 else

echo X is not less than 10


fi

The case construct


case $ANS in

yes)
no)

echo O.K.
;; echo no go ;; echo no option ;;

*)
esac

$ gedit menu_with_case
echo echo echo echo echo read choice case $choice in [dD]*) [wW]*) date ;; who ;; command menu d to display time and date w to display logged in users l to list contents of current directory0 please enter your choice

l*|L*)
*) esac

ls ;;
echo Invalid Selection ;;

The exit command


Syntax: exit [arg] Example: $ gedit exit_test echo exiting program now

exit 99
$ exit_test

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