WEEK 1&2

ANGLES OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION

 OBJECTIVES

By the end of this chapter you should be able to:

 Distinguish between horizontal and vertical

 Determine angles of elevation of points above the horizontal

 Determine the angles of depression of points below the horizontal

 Use measurement of angles of elevation and depression and scale

drawings to find heights and lengths.

 ANGLE OF ELEVATION

The angle of elevation is the angle between the normal eye level

(horizontal line) and the line through which an object is above the

observer’s eye.

Object above the eye

Angle of elevation
Horizontal line (normal eye level)
 ANGLE OF DEPRESSION

The angle of depression is the angle between the horizontal

line and the through which the object is below the observer’s

eye can be seen.

Horizontal line (normal eye level)

Angle of depression

Object below the eye

Example 1: The angle of depression from the top of a building of height
30m of a stationary car is 510. Find the distance between the car and the
top of the building.

Solution:
The diagram below shows the height XY and the angle of depression
CXD. Angle YDX is also equal to 510.

C X
510

510
D Y
The distance required is XD (the hypotenuse to the Δ XDY)

 30
sin 51 
XD
30
XD 
sin 51
30

0 . 7771
 38 . 6 m
 WEEK 3&4

LINEAR INEQUALITIES
 OBJECTIVES

By the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:

 Use the inequality symbols >, <, ≤, ≥ and ≠ correctly.

 Write and interpret linear inequalities in one variable.

 Show the graphs of linear inequalities in one variable on a number

line.
 Solve linear inequalities in one variable.

 Solve word problems involving inequalities.

 INEQUALITIES

In Mathematics, we sue the equals sign, =, to show that quantities are the
same. However, quantities can often be different, or unequal.
For example, a mother is always older than her child. Their ages are always
different. We say that there is inequality in their ages.

GREATER THAN , LESS THAN

The sum 5 + 3 = 8 is a simple equality. However, as we know quantities are
often not equal. For example: 5 + 5 ≠ 8. Where ≠ means is not equal to.
We can also write 5 + 5 > 8, where > means greater than. Similarly, we
can write 3 + 3 < 8, where < means less than.
≠, <, > are inequality symbols. They tell us the quantities are not equal.
The < and > symbols are more helpful than ≠. They tell us more.
 FROM WORDS TO ALGEBRA

Example I: The distance between two villages is over 18km. Write this as
an algebraic statement.
Solution:

Let the distance between the villages be x km.

Then, x > 18
Example II: I have x naira. I spend N200. The amount I have left is less
than N50. Write an inequality in x.
Solution:
I spend N200 out of x naira. That means that I have x – 200 naira left.
Thus, x – 200 < 50
 GRAPHS OF INEQUALITIES

LINEAR INEQUALITIES

Inequalities like 3x > - 12 and 2x – y < 7 have unknown or variables, with

an index of 1( that is x = x1 and y = y1).

Inequalities with variables of index 1 are called linear inequalities.

3x > - 12 is a linear inequality in one variable (x).

2x – y < 7 is a linear inequality in two variables (x and y).

We shall be looking at linear inequalities in one variable .

 GRAPHS OF INEQUALITIES IN ONE VARIABLE

The inequality x < 2 means that x can have any value less than 2. We can
show these on the number line below:

x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

The heavy arrowed line in the figure above shows the range of values that x
can have. The empty circle at 2 shows that the value 2 is not included, x can
have any value to the left of 2.

The inequality x ≥ - 1 means that x can have – 1 or any value greater than –
1. The figure below shows its graph

x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
The shaded circle in the figure above shows that the value – 1 is included.

x can have the value – 1 and any value of the right of – 1

Example I: The figure below shows a graph of a linear inequality in one
variable. What is the inequality?

x
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Solution:
The shaded circle at 4 shows that the value x = 4 is included.
The heavy line to the left of 4 shows that x can have values in the range
x ≤ 4.
Thus the figure above is the graph of:

x≤4
Example II: The figure below shows a graph of a linear inequality in one
variable. What is the inequality?

x
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Solution:
Thus the figure above is the graph of:

x<3
Example III: The figure below shows a graph of a linear inequality in one
variable. What is the inequality?

x
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Solution:
Thus the figure above is the graph of

x>1
 PRACTISE QUESTIONS
Write down the inequalities shown in these graphs below:

x
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

x
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

x
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

x
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

x
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
 PRACTISE QUESTIONS
Sketch graphs of these inequalities

1. x > 1
2. x ≥ - 2

3. x < - 1

4. x ≤ - 3
5. x ≤ 0
 BALANCE METHOD
Consider a compound in which 23 people live. At any one time there may
be x people in the compound. If all 23 people are in the compound, then
x = 23. This is an equation. If some people have left the compound, then
x < 23. This is an inequality.

This equation has only one solution: x = 23

An inequality has many solutions: if x < 23, then x could be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
……….20, 21, 22.
Solve inequalities in much the same way as solving equations. Use the
balance method.
Example I:
Solve the inequality x + 4 < 6 and show the solution on a number line.

Solution:
x+4<6

Subtract 4 from both sides

x+4–4<6–4
Note: What you do to the right side you must do the same thing to the
left side so as to balance the equation.
x<2

x
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Example II:
Solve the inequality 6 < 2x – 1 and show the solution on a number line.

Solution: 6 < 2x – 1
Add 1 to both sides

6 + 1 < 2x – 1 + 1

7 < 2x
Divide both sides by 2
7 2x

2 2
1 7
x  3 or
2 2

x
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 3½ 4
Example III:
Solve the inequality 5x – 2 ≥ 8 and show the solution on a number line.

Solution: 5x – 2 ≥ 8
Add 2 to both sides

5x – 2 + 2 ≥ 8 + 2

5x ≥ 10
Divide through by 5
5 x 10

5 5
x2

x
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
 PRACTISE QUESTIONS
Solve the inequality and show the solution on a number line:

1. x – 2 < 3

2. 3 ≥ 3x + 5

3. 7 < x + 2

4. 3x + 1 < 13

5. x + 9 > 3
Example IV: Find the values of x that satisfy the inequality 3x – 3 > 7,
such that x is an integer.
NOTE: an integer is any whole number and – 5, - 4, - 1, 0, 4, 7, 22 etc.
are examples of integer.

Solution: 3x – 3 > 7
Add 3 to both sides
3x – 3 + 3 > 7 + 3

3x > 10
Divide both sides by 3

x > 31/3

But x is an integer. Thus x can have values 4, 5, 6, 7, ……

Hence, x = 4, 5, 6, 7, ……
Example V: Find the values of x that satisfy the inequality 4x – 7 < 9, such
that x is an integer.
Solution:
4x – 7 < 9
Add 7 to both sides

4x – 7 + 7 < 9 + 7
4x < 16
Divide both sides by 4
x <4
But x is an integer. Thus x can have values 3, 2, 1, 0 , - 1, ……
Hence, x = 3, 2, 1, 0, - 1, ……
Example VI: Find the values of x that satisfy the inequality 3x + 20 > 4,
such that x is an integer.
Solution: 3x + 20 > 4
Subtract 20 from both sides
3x + 20 – 20 > 4 – 20

3x > -16
Divide both sides by 3
3x 16

3 3
16 1
x   or  5
3 3
But x is an integer. Thus x can have values – 4, - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1 …
Hence, x = - 4, - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1……
Example VI: Find the values of x that satisfy the inequality 3x - 8 ≤ 5x,
such that x is an integer.
Solution: 3x - 8 ≤ 5x
Add 8 to both sides
3x - 8 + 8 ≤ 5x + 8

3x ≤ 5x + 8
Subtract 5x from both sides
3x – 5x ≤ 5x – 5x + 8
- 2x ≤ 8
Divide through by – 2
x≥-4

Hence, x = - 4, - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2,……
 PRACTISE QUESTIONS
Solve these inequalities, given that x is an integer in each case:

1. 2x + 1 < 12

2. 5x – 7 > 9

3. 5x – 8 ≥ 12

4. 3x < 7

5. 6 > 4x + 1

6. x + 4 ≥ 10x – 23

7. 8x + 16 ≤ 0
 MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION BY NEGATIVE NUMBERS
Consider this true statement: 5 > 3

Multiply both sides of the inequality by – 2

This gives: - 10 > - 6

But this is a false statement. In fact – 10 is less than – 6

Similarly, dividing both sides of 15 > - 12 (true) by – 3 gives – 5 > 4 (false,

since – 5 < 4)
In general, when multiplying or dividing both sides of an inequality by a
negative number, reverse the inequality sign to keep the statement true.
For example if – 2x > 14 is true, then dividing both sides by – 2 gives the
equivalent true statement x < - 7.
Example I: Solve the inequality: 5 – x > 3
Solution:

5–x>3
Subtract 5 from both sides

5–5–x>3–5

-x>-2
Multiply both sides by - 1 and reverse the inequality
(- 1) × (- x) < (- 1) × (- 2)

x<2
Example II: Solve the inequality: 19 ≥ 4 – 5x
Solution:

19 ≥ 4 – 5x
Subtract 4 from both sides

19 – 4 ≥ 4 – 4 – 5x

15 ≥ - 5x
Re-writing the inequality we have
- 5x ≤ 15

Divide through by – 5
 5 x 15

5 5
x  3
Example III: Solve the inequality: 3 – 2x < 8
Solution:

3 – 2x < 8
Subtract 3 from both sides

3 – 3 – 2x < 8 – 3

- 2x < 5
Divide through by – 2
 2x 5

2 2
5 1
x   or  2
2 2
 PRACTISE QUESTIONS
Solve these inequalities

1. 3 – y ≤ 7

2. - 2x + 4 ≥ 6

3. 2r ≥ 5r + 6

4. - 6 – x > 10
5. 5–y≥1
 SOLVING WORD PROBLEMS INVOLVING INEQUALITIES
Example I: A triangle has sides of x cm, (x + 4) cm and 11 cm, where x is
a whole number of cm. If the perimeter of the triangle is less than 32cm,
find the possible value of x.

Solution:
NOTE: In finding the perimeter of any shape, you are to add up all the
sides of the shape.

Perimeter of triangle = x + (x + 4) + 11

Thus, x + x + 4 + 11 < 32
2x + 15 < 32
Subtract 15 from both sides

2x + 15 – 15 < 32 – 15
 2x < 17
Divide through by 2
2 x 17

2 2
17 1
x or 8
2 2
Also in any triangle the sum of the lengths of any two sides must be gratere
than the length of the third side.
Thus, x + x + 4 > 11
2x + 4 > 11
2x > 11 – 4
2x > 7
2x 7

2 2
7 1
x  or 3
2 2
Thus x < 8½ and x > 3½. But x must be a whole number of cm.
Thus, the possible values of x are:

4, 5, 6, 7 or 8
Check:

When x = 4, perimeter = 4 + 8 + 11

= 23 cm
When x = 8, perimeter = 8 + 12 + 11 cm
= 31 cm

We have checked the lowest and highest values of x in both cases, the
perimeter are less than 32 cm.
Example II: A man gets a weekly wage of N x. His rent per week is
N 8 000. After paying his rent, he is left with less than N 20 000.

Find the range of x.

Solution:

Total weekly package = x

Spent = 8 000
Thus,
x – 8000 < 20000

Add 8 000 to both sides

x – 8000 + 8000 < 20000 + 8000

x < N 28 000
Example III: A rectangle is x cm long and 10cm wide. Find the range of
values of x if the area of the rectangle is not less than 120cm2.
Solution:
Area of rectangle = Length x Breadth
Since the length is x cm and the Breadth is 10cm

We are told that the area is not less than 120cm2. So if it is not less
than, then it would be grater than or equal to

x × 10 ≥ 120
10x ≥ 120
Divide through by 10
x ≥ 12
PRACTISE QUESTIONS
QUESTION I

Last month a woman had a body mass of 53 kg. She reduced this by x kg so
that she is now below 50 kg. Assuming that x < 6, find the range of values
of x.
QUESTION II
The side of a triangle are x cm, (x + 3) cm and 10cm. If x is a whole
number of cm, find the lowest value of x

QUESTION III
Five times a whole number, x, is subtracted from 62. The result is less than
40. Find the three lowest values of x.
 WEEK 6&7

HOME AND OFFICE TRANSACTIONS

Objectives
 Calculate simple interest on savings and loans.

 Calculate PAYE and VAT taxes on incomes, goods and services.

 Calculate and interpret charges for public and private services

such s electricity, postages and cell phones.

 Use percentages to calculate the costs and benefits arising from

various commercial transactions ( for example profit and loss,

discount, commission).
Previous knowledge
The students have taught percentages and simple interest
INTEREST

Bankers want people to save money. They give extra payments to

encourage saving. The extra money is called interest.

For example, a person saves N10 000 in a bank for a year. If the

interest rate is 8% per annum(that is 8% each year), the saver will

have N10 800 at the end of the year: the original N10 000 plus N800

interest from the bank.

Interest like this is called simple interest.

Example I: Find the simple interest on N60 000 for 5 years at 9%

per annum.

Solution:
PRT
Interest 
100
60 000  5  9

100
 N 27 000
Example II: Find the simple interest on N55 000 for 4 years at 6%

per annum.

Solution:
PRT
Interest 
100
55 000  4  6

100
 N13 200
 PRACTISE QUESTIONS

N.G.M Page 74 Exercise 10a

Nos: 1, 3, 8, 12 and 15
Example II: A man borrows N1 600 000 to buy a house. He has to

pay interest at a rate of 11% per annum.

In the first year, he paid the interest on the loan. He also paid back

N100 000 of the money he borrowed.

How much did he pay back altogether? If he paid this amount by

monthly installments, how much did he pay per month?

Solution:

Interest on N1 600 000 for 1 year = 11% of N1 600 000

11
1 600 000
100
 N176 000
Total money paid in 1st year = N176 000 + N100 000

= N276 000

Monthly installments = N276 000 ÷ 12 = N23 000

(Notice that the man now owes N1 500 000. He will pay interest

on this new amount in the second year)

Example II: A man borrows N40 000 on a short term loan and is
charged interest of N1 on each N10 per week.

How much does he pay back altogether, if he borrows the money:

a. For 1 week?

b. For 3 weeks?
c. For 10 weeks?
Solution:

At N1 on each N10 he will be charged

40 000
10
= N4 000
a. For 1 week
N40 000 + N4 000 × 1
N40 000 + N4 000
N44 000
b. For 3 weeks
N40 000 + N4 000 × 3

N40 000 + N12 000

N52 000
c. For 10 weeks

N40 000 + N4 000 × 10

N40 000 + N40 000
N80 000
 PRACTISE QUESTIONS

N.G.M Page 75 Exercise 10b

Nos: 1 (c), 3, and 4

 INCOME TAX

Most people have to pay part of their income to the government. The

part they pay is called income tax

This process is often called PAYE(pay-as-you-earn). The

government uses taxes to pay for public services such as education,

health, defence and transport.

The method of calculating taxes varies in different countries and tax

rates change from time to time. However, the method is usually

similar to the following example.

Typical PAYE tax system

(1). Each month, all earners pay tax on their taxable income. The

table below shows typical PAYE rates for various income bands.

Tax bands on taxable income (N) Rate of tax

First N200 000 10%
Over N200 000 and up to N400 000 15%
Over N400 000 and up to N600 000 20%
Over N600 000 25%
(2). For any wage or salary earner:
taxable income = total income – allowance

(3). Allowances are as follows:

a. Personal allowance: N60 000
b. Child allowance: N25 000 for each child under 16 years of age
(for a maximum of 4 children). If both parents are working, only
one parent can claim the child allowance.

c. Dependent relative allowance maximum of N40 000. If both

husband and wife are working, only one parent can claim the
child allowance.
Example I: A man has a total income of N528 000 per month. He
has three young children. He claims N37 000 for a dependent
relative. Calculate the amount of tax he pays.

Solution:
First: Calculate the allowance.

Personal allowance = N60 000

Child allowance = 3 × 25 000 = N75 000
Dependent allowance = N37 000

Total Allowance = N172 000

Second: Calculate the taxable income
Taxable Income = total income – allowances

= N528 000 – N172 000

=N356 000

Third: Calculate the tax on the taxable income. Using the tax bands
above

Taxable income = N356 000

= N200 000 + N156 000

Tax = 10% of N200 000 + 15% of N156 000

= N20 000 + N23 000

= N43 000
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS

N.G.M Page 76 Exercise 10c

Nos: 3 and 4
 HOUSEHOLD ARITHMETIC

DISCOUNT BUYING
A discount is a reduction in price. Discounts are often given for
paying in cash.

Example I: A radio cost N5 400. A 12½% discount is given for cash.

What is the cash price?
Solution: Discount 12½% of N5 400
25
 5 400
200
 N 675
Cash price = N5 400 – N675
= N4 725
Example II: A trader sells packets of tissues at N140 each or four

for N440. How much do you save by buying four packets at once

instead of separately?

Solution:

Normal cost of four tissues = 4 × N140

= N560

Discount price of four packets = N440

Saving = N560 – N440

=N120
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS

N.G.M Page 77 Exercise 10d

Nos: 2 and 5
 INSTALMENT BUYING

An installment is a part payment. Many people find it easier to buy

expensive items by paying installments.

Example I: The cost of a smart phone is either N34 000 in cash or a

deposit of N4 000 and 12 monthly payments of N2 750.

Solution: Find the difference between the installments price and the

cash price.

Installments price = deposit + installments

N4 000 + 12 × N2 750
 = N4 000 + N33 000

= N37 000

Price difference = N37 000 – N34 000

= N3 000

Hire Purchase in another name for paying by installments. The

buyer hires an item before paying for it completely. This is why hire

purchase costs more than paying in cash.

 PRACTICE QUESTIONS

N.G.M Page 78 Exercise 10e

Nos: 3 and 6
 CIVIC ARITHMETIC

VALUE-ADDED TAX (VAT)

The Government receives a proportion of the money paid for certain

goods and services.

The part that the Government gets is called value-added tax(VAT).

The goods and services are called VAT-able items.

In Nigeria, the Government charges 5% VAT on the cost of VAT-able

goods. The Government uses VAT to improve services such as

education, health and transport.

Example I: An advertisement for a table says that its price is N15

3000 plus 5% VAT. How much does the customer pay?

Solution:

Amount paid by customer = 105% of N15 300

105
 15 300 
100
 N16 065

Note that the difference between N16 065 and N15 300 is N765
Example II: One year a company paid N94 500 telephone bill to
NITEL. The bill included VAT at 5%. Calculate how much money

the Government receives at VAT on the bill.

Solution:
Sine N94 500 includes 5% VAT, then N94 500 is 105% of the actual
telephone bill. The VAT is 5% of the actual telephone bill.

105% of actual bill = N94 500

1% of actual bill = N94 500 ÷ 105 = N900
5% of actual bill = N900 × 5 = N4 500
The Government receives N4 500 as VAT.
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS

N.G.M Page 79 Exercise 10f

Nos: 1 and 2
 COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS
PROFIT AND LOSS

Example I: A trader buys a kettle for N2 400 and sells it at a profit

of 15%. Find the actual profit and the selling price.
Solution:
Profit = 15% of N2 400
15
  2400
100
 N 360

Selling Price = N2 400 + N360

= N2 760
Example II: P buys a cap for N750 and sells it to Q for N660. What
is the loss per cent?

Solution:
Actual loss = N750 – N660
= N90
loss
loss %  100%
c. p
90
 100%
750
loss  12%
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS

N.G.M Page 81 Exercise 10h

Nos: 3 and 8
 COMMISSION

Commission is payment for selling an item. For example,

insurance agents get commission for selling insurance.
The more insurance they sell, the more commission they
get. Factories often employ sales representatives to sell
their goods to shops and traders.
The sales representatives often receive a proportion of the
value of the goods they sell. This proportion is their
commission.
Example I: A bank charges 2½% commission for issuing a
Bank Draft. If a customer obtained a Bank Draft for
N84 000 from the bank, calculate the total cost of the Bank
Draft.

Solution: 2½% of N84 000

5
  84 000
200
 N 2 100
Total cost = value of Bank + commission
= N84 000 + N2 100
=N86 100
References

For more examples on the topic check New

General Mathematics Year 8 pages 74 – 84

For more explanation follow the link below:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8zxAr1Itxk
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS

N.G.M Page 82 Exercise 10i

Nos: 2 and 10
 WEEK 9 & 10

GRAPHS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

Objectives:

By the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:

 Prepare tables of values for linear equations in two variables.

 Plot points on the Cartesian plane from tables to values.

 Draw the Cartesian graph of a linear equation given in the form y =

mx + c or ax + by + c = 0

 State the conditions for two or more lines to be parallel.

From the x- and y-intercept of graphs from their equations.

Previous Knowledge:

 The students have been taught how to solve linear equations

 EQUATIONS AND TABLES OF VALUES

y = 2x – 5 is an equation in x and y. The equation connects the two

variables x and y.

Therefore, for any value of x, there is a corresponding value of y. For

example if x = 3, then y = 1 and if x = - 2, y = - 9.

The table below is a table of values that shows corresponding values of

the variables x and y for the equation y = 2x – 5.

We say that:

 y is the dependent variable, as the value of y depends on the value of x.

 x is the independent variable.

 x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
2x -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5
y=2x – 5 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3
 PLOTTING POINTS FROM THE TABLE OF VALUES

From the table, it contains this set of ordered pairs of corresponding

values of x and y.

(– 2, – 9), (– 1, – 7), (0, –5), (1, –3), (2, –1), (3, 1) and (4, 3)
From the graph it shows the coordinates as points on the Cartesian
plane.
From the graph it shows that it is possible to join the points in a straight
line. We can check this for other values.
For example when x = –1.5, y = 2.2.

The line in the diagram is the graph of the equation y = 2x – 5. Or

simply, y = 2x – 5 is the equation of the straight line.
In general, a straight line has an equation in the form y = mx + c where
x and y are variables and m and c are constants.

y = 2x – 5 is a linear equation in x and y. The variables in a linear

equation are always separate and have a power of 1 (that is, there are no
terms such as xy, x2, y2 and so on).
Example I: Draw the graph of y = 4x – 7 for values of x from

– 3 to +3. From the graph find:

a. The value of y when x = 2.5

b. The value of x when y = – 13

c. The coordinates of the points where the line cuts the axes.

Solution
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
4x -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12
-7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7
y=4x – 7 - 19 - 15 - 11 -7 -3 1 5
From the diagram, a straight line joins the seven points. The line is the

graph of y = 4x – 7.

From the graph,

a. When x = 2.5, y = y = 3

b. When y = – 13, x = – 1.5

c. The line cuts the axes at (0, –7) and (1.75 , 0)

 FORM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
y = mx + c
The equations of the lines are all in the form y = mx + c, where x and y
are variables and m and c are constants.
For example, in the equation y = 4x – 7, so m = 4 and c = –7.
ax + by + c = 0
Another way of arranging the equation y = 4x – 7 is to put the variables
in alphabetical order and equate to zero: 4x – y – 7 = 0
This equation is in the form ax + by + c = 0 where a = 4, b = – 1 and
c = – 7. Therefore, in the graph y = 4x – 7 is also the graph of
4x – y – 7 = 0
Example I: Draw the graph of the equation 5x + 2y – 6 = 0 for
x = – 2, 0, +2
b. Find where the graph cuts the x – axis
Solution:
a. First make the table of values for the equation

x –2 0 +2
y +8 +3 –2
Calculate the values in the table above:
When x = – 2, – 10 + 2y – 6 = 0, y=8
When x = 0, 0 + 2y – 6 = 0, y=3
When x = +2, 10 + 2y – 6 = 0, y=–2
b. In the graph above, the graph cuts the x-axis at (1.2, 0)
Reference

For more examples on the topic check New General

Mathematics Book 2 page 207 – 208

For more explanation follow the link below:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NeuHo2aq7o
PRACTICE QUESTIONS

N.G.M page 207 Exercise 23a Number’s 4 – 6