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Heat, Work and Energy

1. Heat and work refer to processes by which energy is transferred to or from a substance. Heat is energy transferred by thermal interaction, measured in joules, while work is energy transferred by any process other than heat. 2. The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in a system's internal energy equals the heat taken in minus the work done by the system. A system's internal energy can change through work, heat transfer, or a combination. 3. Heat spontaneously flows from hot to cold objects through conduction, convection, or radiation. Non-spontaneous processes require external energy as heat flows from cold to hot.

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457 views36 pages

Heat, Work and Energy

1. Heat and work refer to processes by which energy is transferred to or from a substance. Heat is energy transferred by thermal interaction, measured in joules, while work is energy transferred by any process other than heat. 2. The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in a system's internal energy equals the heat taken in minus the work done by the system. A system's internal energy can change through work, heat transfer, or a combination. 3. Heat spontaneously flows from hot to cold objects through conduction, convection, or radiation. Non-spontaneous processes require external energy as heat flows from cold to hot.

Uploaded by

Eainne David Docog
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Heat, Work and

Energy
Heat and work refer to
processes by which energy
is transferred to or from a
substance
Difference
between Heat
and
Temperature?
Heat is the energy
transferred from one
system to another by
thermal interaction. The
units of heat are therefore
the units of energy, or
joules (J).
The word “heat” is
used only when
referring to the
energy in transit
from hot to cold.
Temperature is a
measure of
hotness or
coldness of an
object
Work is the
transfer of energy
by any process
other than heat.
Like heat, the unit
measurement for
work is joules (J).
Understanding how heat works and
how it interacts with various
objects is studied since it will help
in making many different processes
efficient.
Energy is needed to perform work. When
work is done on an object, energy is
transferred to that object.

The transfer of energy to the object


increases its INTERNAL ENERGY
INTERNAL ENERGY

Internal energy of a substance is


the sum of the molecular
kinetic energy (due to the
random motion of the
molecules), the molecular
potential energy ( due to the
forces that act between the
atoms of a molecule and
between the molecules), and
other kinds of molecular energy.
FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
How is energy
conserved
when you eat
breakfast?
The chemical
energy in food will
be converted into
mechanical energy
that enables you to
do work.
The First Law of
Thermodynamics
The change in internal
energy of a system equals
the difference between heat
taken in by the system and
the work done by the system
When heat flows in instances where the work done is
negligible, the internal energy of the hot substance
decreases and the internal energy of the cold substance
increases.

A system’s internal energy can be changed by transferring


energy by either work, heat, or a combination of the two.
Normally, heat flows from a hotter object to a cooler
object when the two objects are placed in contact.
Three
methods of
heat transfer
a. Conduction
is the transfer of heat due
to direct contact between
two objects/ materials
with different
temperatures. The process
of heat transfer in solids is
called conduction.
b. Convection
Is the transfer of heat
from one location to the
other by the movement
of fluids.
c. Radiation
Is the transfer of heat
by electromagnetic
(EM) wave.
SPONTANEOUS AND
NON-SPONTANEOUS
PROCESS
SPONTANEOUS PROCESS
Heat flows from a higher
temperature to a lower
temperature. It does not require
any external energy to occur.
Example:
NON- SPONTANEOUS
PROCESS
Heat flows from lower temperature to
higher temperature, it needs
mechanical energy to occur.
Example:
In so doing, work should be done.
Mechanical energy is required for this to happen.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics is applied
here. It states that Heat will never of itself flow
from a cold temperature to
a hot temperature object. The work is provided
by the motor of the heat pump.
Identify the following as Spontaneous or Non-
Spontaneous Process
a. Drying of leaves
b. Breakage of an egg
c. Spoilage of food
d. Cooling of water
e. Waterfall
f. Rice cooking
II. Identification. Identify the method of heat transfer
(conduction, convection, radiation) that takes
place in each situation.
g. Hot coffee is stirred with a spoon and the spoon gets hotter due to
____________.
h. A chair is placed several feet away from a campfire. The side of the
chair is facing the campfire gets warm because of
________________.
i. A G9 student holds back of his hand near an iron to see if it is hot.
Heat is transferred to his hand by ________________.
j. The cause of weather systems on earth is _________________.
Application
1. Refrigerant Compressed. Refrigerant vapor is drawn into the compressor where
it is compressed and then released at a higher temperature and pressure.

2. Hot Air Pushed Out. The compressor then pushes the vapor into the condenser
coils on the outside of the refrigerator, where it exchanges its heat with the
incoming room air. The warmed room air is exhausted via vents

3. Refrigerant Becomes A Liquid. When the hot gas in the condenser coils meets
the cooler air temperature in the kitchen, it becomes a liquid.
4. Refrigerant Flows into Evaporator Coils. The refrigerant, which is now a liquid,
cools down as it flows into the evaporator coils inside the fridge.

5. Heat is Absorbed. The heat inside the refrigerator is then absorbed by the
refrigerant, cooling the air, and the refrigerator’s contents.

6. Refrigerant Evaporates. Then the refrigerant evaporates to a gas and flows back to
the compressor.

7. Cycle Repeats. The refrigerator is a sealed system, so once the refrigerant gas flows
back to the compressor, the cycle is repeated. The repetition of the cycle helps the
refrigerator to maintain a constant cool.

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