25/09/2023

Predicting and
Identifying Reactions
and Products
OCR Gateway 2016 Chemistry topic 4

W Richards

The Weald School “POP”

C4.1 Predicting Chemical
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Reactions
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Recap: The Periodic table
The periodic table arranges all the 100 or so
elements in groups according to their
properties.

Vertical
columns are Mendeleev
called GROUPS

Horizontal rows are called PERIODS

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Group 0 – The Noble gases
He

Ne

Ar

Kr
Questions:
Xe
1) How many electrons do these elements have
in their outer shell?
Rn
2) How does this affect their reactivity?
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Group 0 – The Noble gases
Some facts…

1) All of the noble gases have a full

outer ______.

2) They all have _____ melting and

boiling points and are inflammable.

3) They exist as single _______.

4) Their boiling point ______ as atomic mass increases.

5) Because they have a full outer shell, the noble gases are ______ and
unreactive.

Words – neon, stable, low, shell, atoms, increases

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Group 1 – The alkali metals

Li

Na

Rb

Cs

Fr
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Group 1 – The alkali metals
Some facts…
1) These metals all have ___
electron in their outer shell.

2) They are not very ________

3) Reactivity increases as you go _______ the group.

4) They all react with water to form an alkali (hence their name) and
__________, e.g:

Potassium + water potassium hydroxide + hydrogen

2K(s) + 2H2O(l) 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)
5) They form ionic compounds – white solids that dissolve in ______ to
form ________ solutions (e.g. salt water).
Words – down, one, hydrogen, dense, colourless, water
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Properties of the Alkali Metals
Element Melting Point (OC) Boiling Point (OC) Density (g/cm3)

Lithium 180 1340 0.53

Sodium 98 883 0.97

Potassium 64 760 0.86

Rubidium 39 688 1.53

Caesium ?? ?? ??
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Trends in Group 1
Consider a sodium atom:
+
Take away
Sodium ion
one of the
electrons
(“oxidation”)

Now consider a potassium atom:

+
Take away Potassium
one of the ion
electrons

Potassium loses its electron more easily because its

further away – potassium is MORE REACTIVE
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Group 7 – The halogens

Cl

Br

At
 Group 7 – 25/09/2023

reactivity
Decreasing
The Halogens
Some facts…
1) Reactivity ______ as you go
down the group.

2) They exist as _______

molecules (so that they both
Cl Cl
have a full outer shell):

3) Because of this fluorine and chlorine are _____ at room temperature

and bromine is a gas.

4) They react with metals to form ______ compounds, e.g. salt.

5) They form molecular compounds with other non-metallic compounds, e.g.
_______.
Words – diatomic, liquid, decreases, water, ionic
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Properties of Group 7
Element Melting Point (OC) Boiling Point (OC) Density (g/cm3)

Flourine -220 -188 0.0016

Chlorine -101 -34 0.003

Bromine -7 59 3.12

Iodine 114 184 4.95

Astatine ?? ?? ??
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Trends in Group 7
Consider a fluorine atom:
-
Add an
Fluoride
electron
ion
(“reduction”)

Now consider a chlorine atom:

-
Add an Chloride
electron ion

Chlorine doesn’t gain an electron as easily as fluorine so

it is LESS REACTIVE
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The halogens – some reactions
1) Halogen + metal:
+ -

Na + Cl Na Cl

Note that the

Halogen + metal ionic salt halogen will have a
charge of -1
2) Halogen + non-metal:

H + Cl Cl H

Halogen + non-metal covalent molecule

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Displacement reactions
To put it simply, a MORE reactive halogen will displace
a LESS reactive halogen from a solution of its salt.

Potassium Potassium Potassium

F
Decreasing reactivity

chloride bromide iodide

KCl(aq) KBr(aq) KI (aq)
Cl Chlorine
Cl2

Br Bromine
Br2
I Iodine
I2
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The Transition Metals

Some
facts…

1) They are all ______ and solid (except _________).

2) They are ____ reactive than the alkali metals.
3) They can form __________ compounds, usually _______.
4) They can be used as a ______ (a chemical that speeds up a reaction).
5) They have ______ melting points and densities compared to group 1.

Words – hard, coloured, higher, mercury, less, catalyst, insoluble

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Examples of Reactions -
Magnesium
chloride: 2+
Cl Cl

Mg
Mg + -

Cl Cl
MgCl2

Calcium oxide:
2+
2-

Ca + O Ca O

CaO
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Balancing ions
Some common ions:
Sodium – Na+ Chloride – Cl-
Potassium – K+ Bromide – Br-
Magnesium – Mg2+ Oxide – O2-
Ammonium – NH4+ Sulphate – SO42-

Determine the formula of these compounds: Answers:

1) Sodium chloride 1) NaCl
2) Magnesium oxide 2) MgO
3) Magnesium chloride 3) MgCl2
4) Ammonium chloride 4) NH4Cl
5) Sodium sulphate 5) Na2SO4
6) Sodium oxide
6) NaO
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Reactions of metals with water
When a metal reacts with water hydrogen is always given off.
The other product will be either a metal hydroxide or a metal
oxide.

METAL + WATER METAL OXIDE + HYDROGEN

METAL + WATER METAL HYDROXIDE + HYDROGEN

Copy and complete the following reactions:

1) Sodium + water
2) Potassium + water
3) Calcium + water
4) Iron + steam
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Adding acids to metals
If an acid is added to a (fairly reactive) metal the metal will be quickly
________ by the acid. We can see a reaction happening because the
mixture _________ and the metal eventually __________.

Some metals, like ____, are so unreactive that nothing will happen.

Words – gold, corroded, fizzes, disappear

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Reactions of metals with acids
METAL + ACID SALT + HYDROGEN

e.g. magnesium + hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + hydrogen

H Cl
Cl Mg H
Mg
H
H Cl
Cl

Copy and complete the following reactions:

1) Calcium + hydrochloric acid
2) Zinc + hydrochloric acid
3) Iron + hydrochloric acid
4) Lithium + sulphuric acid
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Reactivity Practical
Task: to place six metals in order of reactivity

Equipment: hydrochloric acid, calcium, copper, iron, aluminium,

magnesium, zinc

Conclusion: I think the order of reactivity is…

Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
The actual order of reactivity is:
Zinc
Iron
Copper
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The Reactivity Series
Potassium
The Reactivity Series lists Sodium
metals in order of reactivity: Calcium
Magnesium
Note the two non- Aluminium
metals in here!
Carbon
Zinc
The reactivity of these Iron
metals is related to their Lead
tendency to form positive Hydrogen
ions.
Copper
Silver
Gold
What is the order of reactivity of 25/09/2023

these metals?
Metal Reaction with Reaction with Reaction with
dilute acid water oxygen

Some reaction Slow reaction Burns brightly

A

No reaction No reaction Reacts slowly

B

No reaction No reaction No reaction

C

Violent reaction Slow reaction Burns brightly

D

Reasonable reaction Reacts with steam Reacts slowly

E only
C4.2 Identifying the Products
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of Reactions
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Testing for hydrogen

“POP”
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Testing for Oxygen

Oxygen will relight a glowing splint

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Testing for Carbon Dioxide

Limewater

Limewater turns
milky/cloudy

Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water

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Testing for Chlorine

Chlorine “bleaches” damp indicator paper

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Precipitation Reactions
A precipitation reaction occurs when an insoluble solid is made
by mixing two ionic solutions together.
Method:
1) Mix the reactants together

2) Filter off the precipitate

3) Wash the residue

4) Dry the residue in an oven at 50OC

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Metal Hydroxides
Sodium hydroxide can be used to identify some metal ions
(cations). Consider calcium chloride:
Ca2+(aq) + 2OH- Ca(OH)2 (s)

Metal ion Precipitate formed Colour

Calcium Ca2+ Calcium hydroxide: Ca2+(aq) + OH-(aq) Ca(OH)2 (s) White

Aluminium Al3+ Aluminium hydroxide: Al3+(aq) + OH-(aq) Al(OH)3(aq) White

Zinc Zn2+ Zinc hydroxide: Zn2+(aq) + OH-(aq) Zn(OH)2 (s) White

Copper(II) Cu2+ Copper hydroxide: Cu2+(aq) + OH-(aq) Cu(OH)2 (s) Blue

Iron(II) Fe2+ Iron(II) hydroxide: Fe2+(aq) + OH-(aq) Fe(OH)2 (s) Green

Iron(III) Fe3+ Iron(III) hydroxide: Fe3+(aq) + OH-(aq) Fe(OH)3(aq) Brown

Q. Can you complete this table?

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Testing for halide ions
For each test state: 1) The colour of the precipitate
2) What compound it is

Test 1: Chloride ions

Add a few drops of dilute nitric acid to the chloride ion
solution followed by a few drops of silver nitrate.

Precipitate formed = silver chloride (white)

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)

Test 2: Bromide and iodide ions:

Add a few drops of dilute nitric acid followed by a few drops
of silver nitrate solution again. A pale yellow precipitate
should be formed for bromide ions and a darker yellow
precipitate for iodide ions.
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Testing for Carbonate and Sulphate ions

Method:
Add a few drops of dilute hydrochloric
acid to the carbonate or sulphate ion
solution followed by a few drops of
barium chloride.

e.g. Precipitate formed = barium

sulphate (white again)
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Flame tests

Compound Colour of flame

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Flame tests
Compounds containing lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium and
copper metal ions (“cations”) can be recognised by burning the
compound and observing the colours produced:
Lithium Sodium Potassium Calcium Copper
Red Yellow Lilac Brick red Green

Q. What would happen if you used a mixture of chemicals?

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Instrumental Methods
Hi. We’re industrial scientists and
we want to test for ions but use
instrumental methods instead of
things like flame tests. What are
the advantages of doing these tests
instrumentally?

Advantages of instrumental methods:

1) More accurate
2) More sensitive
3) Quicker
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Flame Emission Spectroscopy
Flame emission spectroscopy is an example of an instrumental
method:

Step 1: Burn the chemical Step 2: Analyse the line

and pass the light through a spectrum output to identify
spectroscope: the metal ion:

Unknown ion

Potassium

Calcium