Activity and Exercise Pattern

By
Kalsoom Naz
Lecturer HIMS-Peshawar
 Objectives
At the completion of this unit learners will be able to:
 Define terms mobility, joint mobility, body alignments and body
mechanics.
 Discuss the benefits of activity and exercise.
 Identify the principles of gravity that affects balance.
 Discuss factors affecting mobility.
 Discuss the effects of immobility on human body.
 Review A&P of muscular skeletal system and characteristics of
normal movement.
 Describe the impact of immobility on Physiologic and Psychological
functioning.
 Apply nursing process while planning for the client with altered
muscular skeletal system.
 Activity –Exercise pattern

Refers to a person’s routine of

exercise, activity ,leisure and
recreation. Includes :

a) ADL that requires energy

such as dressing, cooking.

b) The type, quality and

quantity of exercise
Activity
Activity can be described as energetic action or as being in a state of
movement, people must move to obtain food and water to protect them
self from trauma and to meet other basic needs.
OR
Bodily movements produced by skeletal muscles that require energy
expenditure and produces progressive health benefits.
KEY FACTS
• Insufficient physical activity is 1 of the 10
leading risk factors for death worldwide.

• Insufficient physical activity is a key risk

factor for non-communicable diseases
(NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases,
cancer and diabetes.

• Physical activity has significant health

benefits and contributes to prevent NCDs.
Continue…

• Globally, 1 in 4 adults is not active enough.

• More than 80% of the world's adolescent population is

insufficiently physically active.

• Policies to address insufficient physical activity are

operational in 56% of WHO Member States.

• WHO Member States have agreed to reduce insufficient

physical activity by 10% by 2025.
 Physical Activity
• WHO defines physical activity as
“any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires
energy expenditure – including activities undertaken while working,
playing, carrying out household chores, travelling, and engaging in
recreational pursuits”.

• The term "physical activity" should not be confused with

"exercise", which is a subcategory of physical activity that is
planned, structured, repetitive, and aims to improve or maintain
one or more components of physical fitness.
• Both, moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity brings
health benefits.
Continue….
Exercise:
Is a type of physical activity defined as a planned,
structured, and repetitive bodily movement done to
improve or maintain one or more components of physical
fitness. OR
It is physical activity for the purpose of conditioning the
body, improving health, and maintaining fitness or it may
be used as a therapeutic measure.
• Components of physical fitness
• . Speed
• . Muscles strengths, agility, cardiovascular endurance, co-
ordination, strength power
Activity And Exercise Types
 Physical activities can be classified as
1. Aerobic exercise
2. Anaerobic exercise.

 Strengthening and endurance activities can be

further classified as
1. Isometric exercise
2. Isotonic exercise
3. Isokinetic exercise.
 Aerobic Exercise
 Ongoing physical activity that raises your
breathing rate and heart rate is called aerobic
exercise

 Aerobic exercises increase the amount of oxygen

that your body takes in and uses.
Aerobic Exercise

Examples: Swimming, running, brisk walking,

and cross-country skiing are all forms of aerobic
exercise.
Anaerobic Exercise

 Intense physical activity that lasts for a few

seconds to a few minutes is called anaerobic
exercise.

 Most anaerobic exercises develop muscular

strength, muscular endurance, or flexibility.
Anaerobic Exercise

Examples: Lifting weights, doing push-ups, and

sprinting are examples of anaerobic activities.
Isometric Exercise

 Isometric exercise is an exercise in which muscles

contract but very little body movement takes place.

 If you do isometric exercises on a regular basis, the

muscles you use will become stronger.
Isometric Exercise

Examples: planks, pushing against a wall, climbing,

mountain biking and motocross (grip and upper body
strength), Judo, wrestling, gymnastics and horseback
riding
Isotonic Exercise

 Isotonic exercise involves contracting and

relaxing your muscles through the full range of a
joint’s motion.

 Through repetition of isotonic exercises, you can

develop muscular strength and endurance.
Isotonic Exercise

Examples: Pull-ups, exercises with free weights

(such as biceps curls, bench press, leg extensions,
incline press, squats)
Isokinetic Exercise

 In isokinetic exercise (eye soh ki NET ik)

muscles contract at a constant rate.

 These exercises are often used as therapy to

rebuild muscle strength after an injury.
Isokinetic Exercise

Examples: fitness machines (stationary bike,

bench press machine)
Continue…

Activity tolerance :
 It is the type and amount of exercise or daily living
activities, an individual is able to perform without any
adverse effects.

A program of regular physical activity and exercise

promotes physical and psychological health.

 It is also essential treatment modality for chronic illness.

 Continue….
Mobility
•The ability to move or perform any activity.
Range of Motion
• The range of motion of the joint is the maximum
movement that is possible for that joint.
Joint Mobility is defined as the degree to which an
articulation (where two bones meet) can move before being
restricted by surrounding tissues
(ligaments/tendons/muscles etc.).
 Cont.…
Body Alignment
Relation ship of one body part to another.

Body Alignment refers to how the head, shoulders, spine,

hips, knees and ankles relate and line up with each other.

It is the geometric arrangement of body parts in relation to

each other.
Good alignment promotes optimal balance and maximal
body function.
 Cont..

Proper standing body alignment

(as noted in Figure) is
characterized by the following:
 Body Mechanics

Efficient, coordinated and safe use of the body to

produce
Motion and maintain balance during activity.
Body mechanics Involves:

1. Body alignment (Posture)

2. Balance (stability)
3. Coordinated body movement
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 Principles of Body Mechanics

• Asses the load

• Facing the direction of work
reduces the chance of injury
• Keep back straight.
• Holding an object close to the
body requires less energy than
holding it farther away.
• Don’t twist
• Push or pull rather than lift
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+
Factors affecting Body Alignment & Activity

•Growth and Development

•Physical Health
•Mental Health
•Nutrition
•Personal Values and Attitudes
•Other Factors

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Continue…
Newborns have reflex movements.

1. Toddlers: gross motor skills precedes fine motor skills.

2. Preschool kids: refine skills such as running jumping.
3. School age: participate in sports.
4. Young adult- no major changes.
5. Older adult- bone density decreases, joints rigid , risk
of osteoporosis.

Poor physical health- disorders of the musculoskeletal

system, nervous system impede mobility ( hip dysplasia,
cerebral palsy, Parkinson's, MS)
 Continue…
Mental Health- depression and chronic stress affect
persons desire to move
Nutrition: poor nutrition leads to muscle weakness and
fatigue and obesity affects posture and balance adversely.
Does the person value regular exercise? Physical
appearance?
External factors: heat/cold, lack of funds for pool, safety
issue.
Limitations: medically prescribed to promote healing
(splints, casts, traction)
Benefits of Exercise

30
 Psychoneurological System
Integumentary System 1) Produces a sense of well being
2) Improves self esteem
1) Maintains skin integrity
3) Increase energy level to perform
2) Prevents pressure ulcers
ADL

Respiratory System
1) Increased Ventilation
2) Prevents pooling of
Cardiovascular System secretions.
1) Strengthen heart muscles &
blood supply to heart
2) Increase cardiac output

Metabolic System
1) Increases metabolic rate
Gastrointestinal 2) Increase use of fatty acids
System which reduces serum
1) Improves appetite, cholesterol
digestion & elimination

Urinary System
Muscular skeleton System 1) Prevent urinary stasis
1) Muscles strength, joint flexibility
& ROM increases
2) Bone Density is maintained
Benefits of Exercise
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Psychological Benefits

 During continuous exercise, your brain releases

endorphins, chemicals that block pain messages from
reaching your brain cells.

 People who exercise regularly are likely to be more

self-confident and focused.

 People who exercise regularly typically have

reduced stress levels.
Social Benefits
•Exercise is also an opportunity to
have fun.
•Physical activity can be a way to
bond with family and friends.

•Physical activity can build new

relationships.
Effects of Immobility

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 Psychoneurological System
Integumentary System 1) ADL
1) Reduced Skin turgor 2)  Self esteem
2) Skin breakdown 3) Impair Social Development

Cardiovascular System Respiratory System

1) Cardiac workload 1) Respiratory system
2) Orthostatic Hypotension 2) Pooling of secretions
3) Edema 3) Atelectasis
4) Thrombus formation 4) Hypostatic Pneumonia

Metabolic System
1) Metabolic Rate
Gastrointestinal 2) Anorexia
System 3) Negative Calcium balance
1) Decreased digestion
2) Constipation

Urinary System
Muscular skeleton System 1) Urinary stasis
1) Disuse Osteoporosis 2) Renal calculi
2) Disuse Atrophy 3) Urinary retention
3) Contractures 4) Urinary infection35
4) Stiffness & Pain Effects of Immobility
Nursing Process
•Assessment: (activity level, mobility
problems, exercise and fitness goals). Assess
gait, alignment, muscle mass and tone.

•Diagnoses: Activity Intolerance, Impaired

Physical mobility, Self-Care deficit, Impaired
Skin integrity, Altered urinary elimination,
Risk for injury (orthostatic hypotension),
Ineffective breathing pattern.
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 Continue…
• Planning: Identify clients in need of assistance.

• Implementation: positioning (semi-fowlers etc.),

transferring, ROM exercises, moving and turning in bed.

• Evaluation: Have the goals been met?

If not  modify care plan.

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RCNS Hussain (RN, BScN) 38