CROPS OF PAKISTAN

CROPS AND CROPPING PATTERN

Two main cropping seasons namely ,

 Kharif (summer crops-April to September) and,

 Rabi (winter crops-October to March).

Rice, sugarcane, cotton, maize, sorghum and

millet are kharif crops,
Wheat, gram, tobacco, barley and rape and
mustard are rabi crops.
Climate
Types of Climate
 According to the Köppen climate classification system,
 Tropical
 Wet (rain forest)
 Monsoon
 Wet and dry (savanna)
 Dry
 Arid
 Semiarid
 Mild
Mediterranean

 Humid subtropical
 Marine

 Continental
 Warm summer
 Cool summer
 Subarctic (boreal)

 Polar
 Tundra
 Ice cap
Tropical

A tropical climate in the Köppen climate

classification is a non-arid climate in which all twelve
months have mean temperatures of at least 18 °C
(64 °F).
 In tropical climates there are often only two seasons: a
wet season and a dry season.
Tropical Wet: Rain Forests
Places with a tropical wet climate are also known
as rain forests.
Warm temperatures and regular rainfall.
Annual rainfall exceeds 150 centimeters (59 inches),
and the temperature varies more during a day than it
does over a year.
The coolest temperature, about 20° to 23° Celsius (68°-
73° Fahrenheit), occurs just before dawn. Afternoon
temperatures usually reach 30° to 33° Celsius (86°-91°
Fahrenheit).
Tropical Monsoon
A monsoon is a wind system that reverses its direction
every six months.
Monsoons usually flow from sea to land in the
summer, and from land to sea in the winter.
approximately 75 percent of India's annual rainfall and
about 50 percent of the North American monsoon
Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate
precipitation less than 60 mm and less than 1/25 of
the total annual precipitation
Tropical wet and dry climates are sometimes called
“savanna” climates
Dry Climates
Regions lying within the dry climate group occur
where precipitation is low.
There are two dry climate types:
Arid and Semiarid.
Most arid climates receive 10 to 30 centimeters (4 to 12
inches) of rain each year, and semiarid climates receive
enough to support extensive grasslands.
Temperatures in both arid and semiarid climates show
large daily and seasonal variations.
Mild Climates
Regions with mild(dry summers and short, rainy winters)
and continental (hot summers and very cold winters )
climates are also called temperate regions. Both climate
types have distinct cold seasons.

Mediterranean
Mediterranean climates have warm summers and short,
mild, rainy winters.
Mediterranean climates are found on the west coasts of
continents between 30° and 40° latitude, and along the
shores of the Mediterranean Sea.
Mediterranean summers feature clear skies, cool nights,
and little rain.
Humid Subtropical
A humid subtropical climate is a zone of climate
characterized by hot and humid summers, and mild to
chilly winters.
These climates normally lie on the southeast side of all
continents, generally between latitudes 25° and 35°
and are located poleward from adjacent
tropical climates.
Maritime climate
An oceanic climate, also known as a marine or
maritime climate
The climate varies from -40 degrees fahrenheit to over
100 degrees
Average temperature is 39 degrees fahrenheit
 AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES OF PAKISTAN
 In the north there are high mountains interspersed with
valleys.
 Southwards there is the Pothwar Plateau followed by
fertile Indus Plain, which is 1287 km long and 322 km
wide, with a 1.0 percent gradient from north to south.
 The western part mainly comprises Baluchistan Plateau,
bordered by high to low mountains on the north-east.
 There are two sandy deserts in the Indus Basin; the Thal
desert in the upper part and the Thar desert in the south-
east.
 Marshy areas occur in the Rann of Kutch, along the
southern most border of the country.
Clay soil
Feels lumpy and sticky when very wet

 Rock-hard when dry

 Clay drains poorly

 Few air spaces

 Warms slowly in spring

 Heavy to cultivate

 If drainage is improved, plants grow

well as it holds more nutrients than
many other soils
Sandy soil
 More aeration
 Free-draining soil

 Gritty to the touch

 Warms up quickly in spring

 Easy to cultivate

 Dries out rapidly

 May lack nutrients, which are easily

washed through the soil in wet
weather (often called a "hungry" soil.)
Silty soil

Smooth and soapy to the touch

 Well-drained soil

 Retains moisture

 Richer in nutrients (more fertile) than sandy

soil

 Easier to cultivate than clay

 Heavier than sand

 Soil structure is weak and easily compacted

Loamy soil
 Soil consists of sand, silt and clay to some extent

 The perfect soil

 Good structure

 Drains well

 Retains moisture

 Full of nutrients

 Easy to cultivate

 Warms up quickly in spring and doesn’t dry out in summer

Acid Soil
Acid soil is any soil that falls below 7 on the pH scale
can occur high rainfall amounts and by geological
factors.
Soils high in minerals (Nitrogen) and clays tend to fall
on the acidic side
sulfur is used to increase the soil's acidity
Alkaline Soil
Alkaline soil is any soil that falls above 7 on the pH
scale
caused by a calcium carbonate-rich parent material
weathering
plant nutrients in soils, including iron, zinc, copper,
and manganese, is reduced at high pH values