TRENDS AND ISSUES IN

GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING

PRESENTED TO PRESENTED BY
DR.USHA M.SC(N), PhD , M.PRATHEEBA,
LECTURER, M.SC(N) 1STYEAR,
GCON-CUDDALORE. GCON CUDDALORE.
A sure way for one to lift himself up is by
helping lift someone else
 INTRODUCION:
 Guidance and counseling plays an integral role in
today’s life. An individual come across various
problem from womb to tomb. Advance in
industrialization, changes in socio-economic
setup, technological growth has lead to pooling
up of problems.
 Guidance helps to explore their potentials and
tackle with various problems.
 Counseling on other hand facilitates crisis
intervention with the help of expert.
 OBJECTIVES OF GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELING:
 To promote the services of the guidance center.
 Toorganize a fully functional counseling and
testing center.
 To establish a “catharsis”
 To help individuals in their all round development.
 To create awareness among individuals
 To
make individual aware of their strength and
weakness.
DEFINIION:

Guidance is a process through which an

individual is able to solve their problems and
pursue a path suited to their abilities and
aspirations.
JM Brewer.
PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE:

 Involve skills
 Holistic
 Co-operation
 Allindividuals are unique
 Demand trained
 Guidance is for all
personnel
students
 Flexibility
 Continuing process
 Individual difference and
 Counsel and not
compulsion dignity
 Integrative  Based on individual need
NEED FOR GUIDANCE:
 Complex nature of society
 Individual difference
 Welfare state and the individual
 Change industrial and educational pattern of the
country
 Conservation of human energy
 Changed economic pattern of country
 Self understanding and self direction
DEFINITION:

Counseling is a set of techniques, skills and

attitudes to help people managing their own
problems using their own resources.
Micheal Reddy
PRINCPLES OF COUNSELING:
 Face to face interaction
 Respect
 Empathy
 Genuineness
 Warmth
 Acceptance
 Emotional perspective than rather intellectual
 More than just giving advice
 Focus on solution
AIMS OF COUNSELING:
 Insight
 Relating with others
 Self-awareness
 Self-acceptances
 Self actualization or individuation
 Enlightenment
 Problem solving
CONTD…

 Psychological education
 Acquisition of social skills
 Cognitive changes
 Behavior changes
 Systemic changes
 Empowerment
 Restitution
 Generativity and social action
NEED OF COUNSELING:

 Toencourage and develop special abilities and right

attitudes.
 Tohelp the student workout and plan for solving
their difficulties.
 To motivate youth for self employment
 To
develop readiness for choice and changes to face
new challenges.
 To identify and help students in need of special
CURRENT TRENDS IN GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELING:

Professional title
Evaluation
Prevention versus remediation
Cyber counseling
multiculturalism
Professional title:

 Professional
titles are used to signify a
person’s professional role .
 Some professionals in this field prefer to be
called guidance counsellor, while an
increasing number prefer the term school
counsellor.
Evaluation:

A major trends in education is the demand

for accountability and evaluation.
Prevention versus remediation:

A growing trend in the field of counseling is the

focus on prevention instead of remediation.
 In the past it was common for counsellors to have
interaction with students after crisis had
occurred.
 There is now a shift for school counsellors to
intercede prior to any incidents.
Multicultural counseling:

MULTICULTURALISM:
 Ithas been defined the fourth force in
psychology, one which complements the
psychodynamic behavioral and humanistic
exam of human behavior.
CONTD..
FOUR DIMENSION IN CULTURE

POWER
DISTANCE
UNCERTAINTY
AVOIDANCE
INDIVIDUALISM
MUSCULINITY/
FEMININITY
CONTD..

WHO ENGAGE IN MULTICULTURAL

COUNSELING,COUNSELLOR MUST BE ABLE TO:
 Expressrespect for the client in a manner that is
felt, understood, accepted, and appreciated by
the client.
 Feeland express empathy for culturally different
clients.
 Personalized his/her observations.
CONTD..

 Withholdjudgment and remain objective until

one has enough information and understanding
of the world of the client.
 Tolerate ambiguity.
 Have patience and perseverance when unable
to get things done immediately.
CONTD..
MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING REQUIRES THE
RECOGNITION OF
 The importance racial/ethnic group membership on
the socialization of the client.
 The importance of and the uniqueness of the
individual.
 The presence of and place of values in the counseling
process.
 The uniqueness of learning style, vocational goals
and life purpose of the client, within the context of
principles of democratic social justice.
CONTD..

MULTI-CULTURAL AWARENESS CONTINUUM;

 Itwas design to illustrate the areas of
awareness through which a counsellor was
go in the process of counseling a culturally
different client.
CONTD…
LEVELS OF CONTINUM THAT THE COUNSELLOR MUST
PASS:
 Self awareness
 Awareness of one own culture
 Awareness of racism, sexism and poverty
 Awareness of individual differences
 Awareness of other culture
 Awareness of diversity
 Skills/ techniques.
 Cyber counseling or web
counseling:
CYBER COUNSELING:
 According to national board of certified
counsellors (NBCC). It is defined as the practice
professional counseling and information delivery
that occurs when clients and counsellors are in
separate or remote location and utilize electronic
means to communicate over the internet.
CONTD…

STATE REGULATIONS AND CYBER COUNSELING:

 Similarto telemedicine, the issues of licensure
and jurisdiction arise, except those counseling
boards have not begun to address the problem.
A client who obtain counseling service via the
internet from a counsellor license in the same
state has recourse to that state regulatory board
for any violations against either state code or
standards of practice.
CONTD…

STATE REGULATIONS AND CYBER COUNSELING:

 If a client has a complaint about the counsellor
license in another state, it is unclear in which
state to register the complaint. As indicated
earlier, state medical boards have addressed this
issue, but not in a uniform manner.
CONTD..

CRITICAL ISSUES IN CYBER COUNSELING:

 Truthin advertising does the sites delivery what
is promise?
 Confidential
and privileged communication are
your transmission safe?
 Dutyto warn is the cyber counsellor able to
discern when a person is a threat to self or
others, and what is the cyber counsellor’s
obligation?
CONTD..
CRITICAL ISSUES IN CYBER COUNSELING:
 Dual relationship- a predator-type of cyber
counsellor could use the internet to take
advantage of counselees, or to arrange subsequent
meetings.
 some cyber counsellors may do inadequate
prescreening of potential counselees
 There may be a lack of cyber counsellor knowledge
of the circumstances or culture of the client.
 The anonymity of he counselee may be
problematic for the cyber counseling.
CONTD..

CRITICAL ISSUES IN CYBER COUNSELING:

 Feesstructure vary how does a counselee
determine a fair price?
 How does a counselee know that the assigned
home work or specific directions are valid for the
type of problem presented?
CONTD…

OTHER SALIENT ISSUES :

 Many colleges and university are now offering
distance courses and degree via internet.
 When using the web information purposes, how
does one discern the validity of the information
gathered, particularly that information which is
health related.
CONTD..
OTHER SALIENT ISSUES:
 Dataon counsellors who have been sanctioned should
become easier to access via states website and
therefore, the public protection factors should
increase.
 NBCC,CACREE, the ethnics committee of ACA and the
AASCB should work together to develop a draft of
standards for acceptable cyber counselling standards
and practice and address internet based distance
education courses for counsellor licensure.
OTHER TRENDS IN GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELING:

Workplace Family
counseling counseling

Geriatric School
counseling counseling
EMERGING TRENDS IN GUIDANCE
AND COUNSELING:
 Useof advanced technology like computer and
telecommunication.
 Emergence of guidance bureaus.
 Improved technique of counseling.
 Improved training of guidance worker.
 Systematic and orderly collection of information.
 Employment of guidance personnel on full time.
CONTD..

 Increased research activities.

 Increased awareness and utilization of service.
 close co-operation of various agencies
 Recognition of leadership in the field of guidance
 Recognition of social implication of guidance
program
 Association of teachers for guidance work
CURRENT/FUTURE TRENDS IN
SCHOOL COUNSELING:

ASCA’S national standard and model

State models for school counseling

Student assistance program: A new
approach
Three stage counseling model
Student assistance program:A new
approach:
 SAPSprogram to address psychosocial concerns
that may interfere with academic performance.
 Short term counseling
 SAPSwhich is designed for youth at risk for drugs,
alcohol and other substances.
 Some school have hired an in-house student
assistance team (SAT) to aid school counsellor.
Three stage counseling model:

EXPLORATIO
N

EMPOWER INTERVEN
MENT TION
Exploration:
THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIPS :
 Initially,
teachers must develop rapport with
students to be willing to open up
 This is often referred to as a therapeutic
alliance which is mostly based on the teachers
ability to communicate empathy, genuineness
and respect to the student.
 Active listening skills crucial to establishing this
relationship.
Exploration:
EXPLORING CONCERNS :
 Listeningskills are essential for facilitating the
exploration of students concerns.
 Bygetting students to talk about their problems
or ambitions and express feelings teachers can
help them to clarify their concerns or desires.
Exploration:
ASSESSING THE SITUATION :
 It helps students to clarify their concerns also
enable teachers to assess the problem situation as
well as unresolved developmental tasks and
deficits in life skills which have led to the
situation.
 Thisassessment helps teachers to decide on the
types of intervention which are most appropriate.
Intervention:
 Teachers act as a model demonstrating skills such
as active listening and assertion skills in their
interaction with students.
 Teacher act directly, guiding students through
activities or exercise designed to help students
develop the life skills they need.
 Teacherprovide direct instruction to student to
teach them the life skills they need.
Empowering:

SUPPORTING ACTION PROGRAMS:

 Teacher need to support students in
carrying out the action programs they have
developed in order to deal with their
problem situations or make progress
ambitious.
Empowering:

CONSOLIDATING CHANGES:
 Animportant aspect of this stage is helping
students to maintain and consolidate the
changes they have made.
Empowering:

ENABLING SELF-ACTUALISATIONS :
 Toenable students self-actualisation that is
to facilitate students growth and fulfilment
of their potential to the fullest possible
extent.
Issues faced by novice
counsellors:

 Feeling of inadequacy and anxiety

 Self-disclosure
 Tendency toward perfectionism
 Being honest about limitation
 Understanding silence
 Demands from the clients
Issues faced by novice
counsellors:

 Client who lack commitment

 Losing one self in client
 Share responsibilities with clients
 Giving advice
 Developing personal counseling style
PROBLEMS IN GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELING:
 Counseling individuals with strong emotions
 Counsellor burnout
 Counseling individuals of different cultures
 Non-compliance to therapy
 Resistance to counseling
 Organizational set-up
 Unawareness of counseling
Some of the barriers are,
 Counsellorpassing moral judgement on clients
behavior or feelings
 Counsellor handling more clients
 Stereotyping the clients
 Increasing or slowing down the counseling process
 Askinginformation for personal interest or needs
rather than those of clients needs.
 Making
generalization and minimizing he issues or
comparing it to others situations or problems.
 ISSUES IN GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELING:
 Scarcity of qualified and competent counsellors
 Lackof awareness about the needs and resources of
counseling
 Minimal counseling environment in society
 Lackof counseling training for nurses/ nursing
faculty
 Poor organizational setup for counseling services
ISSUES IN GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELING:
 Lack of interest and initiatives for counseling
 Lack
of funds for counseling services by
management
 Ethical
and moral issues by counsellor and
counselee
 Resistance to counseling
 Poor-counsellor- counselee ratio
ISSUES IN GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELING:
 Counselee with different cultures interferes with
counsellors personal value and expectations
 Individuals
with strong emotions such as anxiety,
ager, depression and intimacy with hinder
counseling process
 Lackof physical facilities and non availability of
time and tools
 Challenging areas of substance abuse and addition
by clients are major issues
ISSUES THAT REQUIRE COUNSELING:
 Stress management
 Depression & self harm
 Anger management
 Child abuse/harassment
 Memory and concentration
 Adjustment with parents
 gambling
ISSUES THAT REQUIRE COUNSELING:

 Substance abuse
 Truancy
 Adjustment in school/college
 Infatuation /love affairs
 Career guidance
 Domestic violence
ISSUES IN SCHOOL COUNSELING &
STUDENT COUNSELING:
 Lack of inadequate trained personnel to provide
guidance and counseling for all school.
 Heavy workload for teachers of guidance and
counseling.
 Incompetence of the teacher counselor.
 Inadequate monitoring and supervision.
 Lack of guidance and counseling facilities and
resource.
CONTD…
 Lack of adequate timing for counseling students.
 The attitude of administrator.
 Studentsnegative attitude toward guidance and
counseling.
 Lack of co-operation from parents.
 Lack of confidentiality of the teacher counsellor
 Poor reading culture.
ISSUES FOR COUNSELING IN NURSING:

 InIndia organized guidance & counseling services

are rarely available.
 Innursing faculty advisors/ coordinators perform
these services for nursing students.
 Nursing supervisors provide guidance counseling
for staff.
 Referralsare made to professional counsellor or
a psychiatrist when required.
CONTD..
 Absence of trained counsellors
 Lackof organized guidance & counseling
services.
 Lackof training /faculty development toward
development of counseling skills.
 Inadequateprovision of budget for personnel
workshops, training resource & facilities.
CONTD..

 Negativeconsequences if timely referrals are

not done.
 Lack of counseling culture.
 Lack of awareness about counseling services
 Non compliance with counseling interventions.
 Ethical and moral issues.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN COUNSELING:

 The rights of the client

 Social and personal relationship with clients
 Touching s apart of counseling relationship
 Sexual contact with clients
 confidentiality
The rights of the client:
A.THE RIGHTS OF INFORMED CONSENT
 Beforeundergoing counseling process client
must fill informed consent.
IT SHOULD INCLUDE,
 General goals of counseling
 Responsibilities of the counselor toward the
client
 The fees involved
CONTD..

 Limitationand expectations to
confidentiality
 Thequalifications and background of the
therapist.
 Theapproximate length of session and the
services one could expert.
CONTD..

B.MINOR’S RIGHTS
 Minor can undergo for counseling with
parents consent with a few exception like
substance abuse, child abuse and other
crisis matter.
CONTD..

 C.THE RIGHT TO A REFERRAL

 WHEN TO REFER :
 Unqualified to handle-Inability of
counsellor to handle case due to lack of
skills
 It’s taking too long to make decision.
CONTD…

THE ACA GIVES THE FOLLOWING GUIDELINES :

 Ifthe counsellor determines an inability to be of
professional assistance to the client, the
counsellor must either avoid initiating the
counseling relationship or immediately terminate
that relationship.
CONTD…
 PROCEDURE :
 Inform the client about your inability to handle
case
 Recommend a therapist who is qualified to take
care.
 Share some information about therapist.
 Avoid giving impression to client that you are
trying to get rid of the client.
CONTD..

 D.DUTY TO WARN AND PROTECT

 There is a dual responsibility here for all
counsellor that protect potentially dangerous
clients from themselves and other people from
them
 Warn the public of potentially dangerous clients
 Use sound professional judgement.
Social and personal relationships with
client:
 Avoiddual relationships with clients which
could impair professional judgement.Don’t
mix social and personal relationships with
therapeutic one .
Touching as a part of the counseling
relationships:
 Whether to touch the client or not during
counseling?
 According to expert answer is that non erotic
touching is beneficial.
 It is appropriate in case of emotionally immature
client, people in crisis, in giving emotional support
and greeting at the end of session.
Sexual contact with client:

 Sexual contact with the client is unethical and

illegal.
Confidentiality:

 It’s both legal and ethical issue.

 Maintain confidentiality about client.
 Incase of child abuse, elder abuse, and danger to
other it’s legal to break confidentiality.
 Information collected must be discussed for
professional purpose only.
ACA’S CODE OF ETHICS:

 Autonomy
 Justice
 Beneficence
 Nonmaleficience
 fidelity
CONCLUSION:

Guidance and counseling profession has marked

milestone since time immemorial up to date.
Improvement and developments were made to
show that the profession is adapting with the sigs
of the time. There are still issues to debate and
argue but researchers don’t stop in making this
profession as stable as other discipline such as
medicine, law and business.
THEORY APPLICATION:
THROUGH
INPUT OUTPUT
PUT

The students
The students Seminar on gained
are having lack trends and knowledge
of knowledge issues in regarding
regarding trend G&C trend &
& issues in G&C
issues in G&C
FEEDBACK
JOURNAL PRESENTATION
NEW EMERGING ISSUES ABOUT GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING IN
AN ACCREDITATION OF PRIOR AND EXPERIMENTAL LEARNING
PROCESS
 International journal of higher education
 Pierre-Y ves Swansea’s & sand rinse Ansart
ABSTRACT :
 The aim of this research is to examine special features of
guidances and counseling role in a process of accreditation of
APEL.we have two main goal; to identify any possible
distinctive feature of guidance and counseling provided during
skills-oriented APEL procedure and to highlight any skills that
actors involved in guidance process may need to develop.
CONTD..
The results of the research underline three central
issues;The distinctive nature of APEL guidance and
counseling compared to other guidance and
counseling on offer in higher education. A specificity
arising on the one hand, from the focus on the
analysis. Similarities to coaching evident in the
description of some of the skills needed for this type
of guidance ad counseling. We discuss the fact that
the core skills required for APEL guidance and
counseling could be similar, in various aspects to
those needed for coaching.
ASSIGNMENT:

 Writean assignment on trends in guidance

and counseling.
THANK YOU