TUGAS 4

METODE
ELEMEN
HINGGA
2021

CHAPTER 5

1
Structural Analysis with the Finite Element Method
by Eugenio Onate

CHAPTER 5
HIGHER ORDER 2D SOLID
ELEMENTS. SHAPE FUNCTIONS
AND ANALYTICAL COMPUTATION
OF INTEGRALS
2
Hal. 158 – Bias January Parmadi (2006545572) 3
Hal. 158 – Bias January Parmadi (2006545572) 4
Hal. 158 – Bias January Parmadi (2006545572) 5
Hal. 159 – Andreas (1806202992) 6
Hal. 159 – Andreas (1806202992) 7
 5.2.2 Shape functions of Co rectangular elements. Natural coordinates in two dimensions

Hal. 160 – Imam Nakhrowi (2006545925) 8

 5.2.2 Shape functions of Co rectangular elements. Natural coordinates in two dimensions

Hal. 160 – Imam Nakhrowi (2006545925) 9

Hal. 161 – Annisa Ayu Wulandari (2006545515) 10
Hal. 161 – Annisa Ayu Wulandari (2006545515) 11
 5.3.1 Four – noded Lagrange rectangle
Fig. 5.3 Some Lagrange rectangular elements. Polynomial terms contained in the shape functions

Linear element Quadratic element

Yang di kotakkan adalah Langrange Langrange rectangular

rectangular elements untuk Linear for Quadratic elements
Di
Ku
ad

an

dikalikan
ra

tk
tk

ra
an

ad
Ku
Di

12
Hal. 162 – Nur Hafidz Hidayat (2006493650)
 5.3.1 Four – noded Lagrange rectangle
Fig. 5.3 Some Lagrange rectangular elements. Polynomial terms contained in the shape functions

Cubic element Quartic element

Langrange rectangular
Langrange rectangular for Quartic elements
for Cubic elements

13
Hal. 162 – Nur Hafidz Hidayat (2006493650)
 5.3.1 Four – noded Lagrange rectangle

eta

Local
Directions
xi
Shape
Functions

Hal. 163 – Alfetra Henoch Tandita (1706036021) 14

Hal. 164 – Vivin Novi Adryana (2006546373) 15
 5.3.2 Nine-noded quadratic Lagrange rectangle

a) Corner nodes

b) Mid-side nodes

c) Central node

Fig. 5.5 Nine-noded quadratic Lagrange rectangle

Hal. 165 – Asri Puspita Sari Sidabutar (2006545534) 16 16

 Sixteen-noded cubic Lagrange Rectangle
Mempunyai 4 noda pada masing
masing arah ξ dan η Sesuai dengan polynomial
terms pada fig 5.3

Shape function N1 jika diuraikan

Shape functions didapatkan dari Eq. 3.12

Hal. 166 – Dyah Ayu Aurellia Yasmiin (1706027080) 17

Hal. 167 – Agus Mudo Prasetyo (2006545414) 18
 • First the number of nodes defining a 1D polynomial of a given degree along each side is
chosen.
• Then, the minimum number of nodes within the element is added so that a complete and
symmetrical 2D polynomial of the same degree as the 1D polynomial chosen along the
sides is obtained.
• Figure 5.8 shows some of the more popular Serendipity elements and the polynomial
terms contained in the shape functions.
• The simplest element of the Serendipity family, i.e. the 4-noded rectangle, coincides with
the same element of the Lagrange Family.
• Also note that the quadratic and cubic elements of 8 and 12 nodes, respectively, have not
interior nodes, whereas the 17 node element requires a central node to guarantee the
complete quartic approximation, as is explained next.

Hal. 167 – Agus Mudo Prasetyo (2006545414) 19

 SERENDIPITY RECTANGULAR ELEMENTS
Fig. 5.8 Some Serendipity elements and terms contained in their shape functions

Linear Element Quadratic Element

4 nodes 8 nodes

4 terms 8 terms

Hal. 168 – Daniel Alvin Giovanni S. (2006545591) 20

 SERENDIPITY RECTANGULAR ELEMENTS
Fig. 5.8 Some Serendipity elements and terms contained in their shape functions

Cubic Element Quartic Element

central node
12 nodes

17 nodes

12 terms 17 terms

Hal. 168 – Daniel Alvin Giovanni S. (2006545591) 21

 Unfortunately this strategy can not be applied for the
5.4.1 Eigth-noded quadratic Serendipity rectangle
corner nodes, since in this case the product of two
quadratic polynomials will yield a zero value at the center
The shape functions for the side nodes are readily and thus the criterion of Eq.(5.9) would be violated.
obtained as the product of a second degree polynomial in Consequently, a different procedure is followed as detailed
and another one in . It can be checked that below.
this product contains the required complete quadratic
terms (Figure 5.9). For these nodes we obtain Step 1 . The shape function for the corner node is initially
assumed to be bi-linear, i.e. for node 1 (Figure 5.9) we have

This shape function takes the value one at the corner

node and zero at all the other nodes, except for the two
nodes 2 and 8 adjacent to node 1 where it takes the
value 1/2.

Hal. 169-170 – Erriman Manru (2006545673) 22

 Step 2 . The shape function is made zero at node 2 by
subtracting from one half of the quadratic shape function
of node 2:

Step 3 . Function still takes the value 1/2 at node 8.

The ¯nal step is to substract from one half of the
quadratic shape function of node 8

The resulting shape function satisfies the conditions

(5.8) and (5.9) and contains the desired (quadratic)
polynomial terms. Therefore, it is the shape function of
node 1 we are looking for.

Hal. 169-170 – Erriman Manru (2006545673) 23

 5.4.1 Eight-noded quadratic Serendipity Rectangle

Quadratic

Cubic

Hal. 171-172– Salfa Zarfatina (1706035845) 24

 5.4.2 Twelve-noded cubic Serendipity Rectangle STEP 1 : For the corner nodes the starting point is again the
bi-linear approximation

STEP 2 : This initial shape function is forced to take a zero

value at the two side nodes adjacent to the corner node by
subtracting the shape functions of those nodes weighted by the
factors 2/3 and 1/3.

Example :
Thus, the shape functions for the side nodes are obtained by the
simple product of two Lagrange cubic and linear polynomials.

Hal. 171-172– Salfa Zarfatina (1706035845) 25

 5.4.2 Twelve-noded cubic Serendipity Rectangle
Figure 5.10 shows the expression of the shape functions which can be derived by the reader as an exercise.
1
1/3

Cubic
i = 1, 4, 7, 10

i = 5, 6, 11, 12
(0,0)
i = 2, 3, 8, 9 Quartic
Fig. 5.8 Some Serendipity elements and
terms contained in their shape functions

Hal. 171-172– Salfa Zarfatina (1706035845) 26

 5.4.3 Seventeen-noded quartic Serendipity Rectangle

The shape functions for the side nodes are

obtained by the product of a quartic and a
1
1/2
linear polynomial.
i = 1, 5, 9, 13
An exception are nodes 3, 7, 11 and 15 for
i = 7, 15
which the function is
subtracted from that product so that the
(0,0) i = 3, 11 resulting shape function takes a zero value at
the central node.
i = 6, 8, 14, 16
The starting point for the corner nodes is the
i = 2, 4, 10, 12 bilinear function to which a proportion of the
shape functions of the side nodes is subtracted
i = 17 so that the final shape function takes a zero
value at these nodes.

The shape function for the central node is the

The derivation of the shape functions follows a procedure similar to that for bubble function.
the 8 and 12 node Serendipity elements.

Hal. 171-172– Salfa Zarfatina (1706035845) 27

 5.4.3 Seventeen-noded quartic Serendipity Rectangle

Quartic

Quintic

Hal. 171-172– Salfa Zarfatina (1706035845) 28

 5.5 SHAPE FUNCTIONS FOR CONTINUOUS TRIANGULAR ELEMENTS

Identified by Pascal Triangle

5.5.1 AREA COORDINATES

• Area coordinates are used to define a parametric interpolation of the element

geometry
• Relations between area and cartesian coordinates

Hal. 173-174 – Vania Callista (1706035984) 29

 5.5.2 Derivation of the shape functions for continuous triangles
The shape functions for triangles containing complete Mth degree polynomials can be obtained in terms of
the area coordinates as follows. Let us consider a node i characterized by the position (I, J, K) where I, J and
K are the powers of the area coordinates L1, L2 and L3, respectively in the expression of the shape function.
Thus, I +J + K = M and the shape function of node i is given by

normalized 1D Lagrange
polynomial

The values of I, J, K for each node can be deduced by noting that:

• the shape function of a corner node depends on a single area coordinate only and thus the corresponding I, J or K power for that
node is equal to M
• all nodes located on the lines L1 = constant have the same value for I and the same occurs with L2 and J and L3 and K;
• the values of I, J and K associated with L1, L2 and L3, respectively, decrease progressively from the maximum value equal to M for
the lines Li = 1 at the corner nodes, to a value equal to zero at the lines Li = 0 which coincide with the opposite side to each corner
node i

Hal. 175-176 – M.Jeva Ikramullah (1706035984) 30

 5.5.3 Shape functions for the 3-noded linear triangle

Hal. 175-176 – M.Jeva Ikramullah (1706035984) 31

Hal. 177-178 – Imam Taufik Rahmadi (2006545931) 32
Hal. 177-178 – Imam Taufik Rahmadi (2006545931) 33
Hal. 177-178 – Imam Taufik Rahmadi (2006545931) 34
Hal. 177-178 – Imam Taufik Rahmadi (2006545931) 35
Hal. 179-180 – Susilo Widyatmoko (2006493871) 36
Hal. 179-180 – Susilo Widyatmoko (2006493871) 37
 The element integrals can be easily expressed in terms of area coordinates

If one of the area coordinates is missing in the integrand, the corresponding power is
omitted in the denominator of Eqs. (5.47) and it is made equal to a unit value in the
numerator.

The use of the natural coordinates α and β does not introduce any additional difficulty.
Exact expressions for the integrals over straight-sided triangles.

Deduction from Eqs.(5.47b)

Hal. 181-182 : Ida Royana Tambunan (2006545912) 38

 EXAMPLE 5.1
Compute the stiffness matrix for a quadratic triangle with straigth sides and unit thickness

Solution:
The first step is to obtain the
cartesian derivatives for the
shape function N1 expressed in
terms of the area cordinates as:

The rest of the matrices are obtained following an identical procedure.

The complete expression of the stiffness matrix for the quadratic triangle can be
found in [CPMW] and [WJ]

Hal. 181-182 : Ida Royana Tambunan (2006545912) 39

 Square Plate Under Parabolic Traction

• Different meshes of 3 and 6-noded triangles and 4 and 9-

noded rectangles are used for the analysis
• Numerical results for the horizontal displacement of the
central point on the loaded side show that the 3-noded
triangle is the less accurate
• Nevertheless 1% error with respect to the “exact” analytical
solution is obtained with a fine mesh
• The accuracy increases notably for the same number of DOFs
when 6-noded triangles are used and, even more, when
either the 4- or the 9-noded rectangles are used

Hal. 183-184 – Syaiful Rachman (2006546303) 40

 Cantilever Deep Beam Under Parabolic Edge Load
• 4-noded rectangle enhanced with two incompatible modes
• Shows clearly poor accuracy of the 3-noded triangle for bending
dominated problems
• The accuracy improves slightly for the 6-noded quadratic rectangular
element

Hal. 183-184 – Syaiful Rachman (2006546303) 41

 • The 4-noded rectangle has an overstiff behaviour, as expected from its
inability to reproduce pure bending situations.
• Its accuracy improves however when finer meshes are used.
• Note the excellent performance of the 4-noded rectangle with incompatible
modes and the 9-noded Lagrange rectangle.
• Similar good results are obtained using the 8-noded quadratic Serendipity
rectangle.

o Typically, rectangles are more accurate than

triangles for the same number of DOFs. However,
triangular elements are more versatile due to their
better ability to model complex geometries with
unstructured meshes.
o Low order elements are simpler to use, although
finer meshes are needed in zones where high stress
gradients exist. Higher order elements are more
competitive in these regions.

Hal. 185-186 – Sarah Fatihah Nugroho (2006546253) 42

 5.8 ENHANCEMENT OF 2D ELASTICITY ELEMENTS USING DRILLING ROTATIONS

Drilling Rotations To derive improved plane stress and plane strain elements

The basic idea is to introduce a mechanical in-plane rotation defined as (Figure 4.3)

The corresponding rotational stiffness for each element is introduced by adding to the
PVW the term

a mean element in-

plane rotation Subtuting (5.51) to (5.52)
allows the resulting
stiffness equation to be
expressed in terms of the
nodal displacement DOFs
only

Hal. 185-186 – Sarah Fatihah Nugroho (2006546253) 43

 5.9 CONCLUDING REMARKS

• The element integrals appearing in the expressions of the stiffness matrix and the equivalent nodal force
vector can be computed analytically for rectangular elements and straight-side triangular elements and
some useful integration rules have been given.

• The examples presented show the superiority of quadratic elements versus linear ones. Also, rectangles
show a better performance than triangles.

• The simple 3-noded triangle is however the more versatile element for modelling complex structures with
unstructured meshes.

Hal. 185-186 – Sarah Fatihah Nugroho (2006546253) 44

TERIM
A
KASIH

45