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Adverse Effects of Drug

This document discusses various types of adverse effects that can occur from medication administration. It describes predictable adverse effects, allergic reactions, drug tolerance, toxic and cumulative effects, idiosyncratic effects, drug interactions, and factors that can influence drug action. It also outlines principles for proper medication administration, including requirements for medication orders, types of orders, parts of an order, and methods for calculating drug dosages.

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60 views20 pages

Adverse Effects of Drug

This document discusses various types of adverse effects that can occur from medication administration. It describes predictable adverse effects, allergic reactions, drug tolerance, toxic and cumulative effects, idiosyncratic effects, drug interactions, and factors that can influence drug action. It also outlines principles for proper medication administration, including requirements for medication orders, types of orders, parts of an order, and methods for calculating drug dosages.

Uploaded by

ABARNA ABI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ADVERSE

EFFECTS OF
MEDICATION

MRS.P.MANIMEGALAI,
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,
SMVNC.
ADVERSE DRUG
EFFECTS:

Although therapeutic
effect is the desired outcome in
medidcation administration,
sometimes secondary undesirable
effects occur. Undesirable effects
other than the intended of a
therapeutic effect of a drug are
known as adverse drug effects.
Some adverse effects are
predictable and may be tolerated.
A known adverse
effect with morphine
use is constipation.
However, the benefit
of pain relief usually
outweighs the adverse
effect of constipation,
so that the adverse
effect is often
accepted and
managed with stool
softeners and
laxatives.
ALLERGIC EFFECT:
 An allergic effect is an immune
system response that occurs when
the body interprets the
administered drug as a foreign
substance and forms antibodies
against the drug. Drug aller gies
can be manifested in a variety of
symptoms ranging from minor to
serious. The reaction can occur
immediately after the patient
receives the medication or be
delayed for hours to days.
Symptoms may become more severe
each time the drug is introduced into
the body. Some of the signs and
symptoms of a drug allergy are rash,
urticaria, fever, diarrhea, nausea, and
vomiting. The most serious allergic
effect is called an anaphylactic
reaction (anaphylaxis). Anaphylaxis is
life threatening and results in
respiratory distress, sudden severe
bronchospasm, and cardiovascular
collapse. This reaction is treated with
vasopressors, bronchodilators,
corticosteroids, oxygen therapy,
intravenous fluids, and antihistamines.
DRUG TOLERANCE:

Drug tolerance occurs when the body becomes


accus tomed to the effects of a particular drug over a
period of time. Larger doses of the drug must be taken to
produce the desired effect. For example, patients using
morphine for an extended period of time become tolerant
to the drug's thera peutic effects and eventually need
higher and higher doses to control their pain.
TOXIC EFFECTS:

Toxic effects (toxicities) are
specific groups of symptoms related
to drug therapy that carry risk for
permanent damage or death. The
organ or system affected by the
toxicity is used to name the toxicity,
as in hepatotoxicity, or damage to
the liver. Toxicities can occur from
a cumulative effect.
A cumulative effect occurs when the
body cannot metabolize one dose of a drug before
another dose is administered. The drug is taken in
more fre quently than it is excreted, and each new
dose increases the total quantity in the body. Older
patients are at risk for expe riencing a cumulative
effect, related to altered drug metabo lism and
elimination due to impaired hepatic metabolism and
renal clearance related to normal changes with
aging.
IDIOSYNCRATIC EFFECT :
 An idiosyncratic effect
(sometimes called paradoxical
effect) is any unusual or peculiar
response to a drug that may
manifest itself by overresponse,
underresponse, or even the
opposite of the expected
response. Idiosyncratic effects are
related to a patient's unique
response to a drug and are
thought to be the result of
genetic enzyme deficiencies that
lead to an abnormal mechanisam
of drug break down.
DRUG INTERACTIONS :

Drug interactions occur when one drug is


affected in some war to another drug, a food,
or another substance that is taken of the same
time. Drug interactions may be
advantageous.
for example, a medication is given to
decrease the adverse effects of a drug or
increase its therapeutic effects. Other drug
interactions are not beneficial: for example,
inter actions that decrease the therapeutic
effect and/or increase the adverse effects.
FACTORS AFFECTING
DRUG ACTION :
 Certain variables can
influence the action or
effect of a medication.
These variables include
developmental
considerations, patient's
body weight, patient's
gender, genetic and cultural
factors, psychological
factors, pathology,
environment, and timing of
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICATION

ADMINISTRATION MEDICATION ORDERS :

No medication may be given to a patient without a


medica in order from a licensed practitioner. Each health
agency has a policy specifying the manner in which the
practitio er writes an order. In some instances, orders are
written on a form designed specifically for a primary care
provider's order.
This becomes part of a
patient's permanent
record. Prescribers are
able to make use of
electronic prescribing
systems, sending
medication prescriptions
electronically to
outpatient pharmacies.
Most health care
facilities are beginning to
use computer prescriber
order-entry systems
(CPOE).
CPOEs guide the prescriber in complete,
accurate, and appropriate ordering. The computer sends
the order directly to the pharmacy and enters the order
into the patient's permanent record. This prevents any
guessing when handwriting is illegible or drug names
are similar. Some of the information this system
provides includes recommended dosing of medications,
drug-specific information, current patient information,
laboratory tests that monitor the action. of the drug, and
potential interactions that may occur with other
medications or food. A computer ired order-entry system
can make medication administration safer and reduce
adverse drug events.
Types of Orders:
There are several types of orders that a prescriber may write, A
standing order (or routine order) is carried out as specified until it
is canceled by another order.
The prescriber may write a PRN order ("as needed") for
medication. The patient receives medication when it is requested
or required. PRN orders are commonly written for treatment of
symptoms. For example, medications used for pain relief, to
relieve nausea, and for sleep aids are often written as a PRN or as-
needed order.
A stat order also is a single order, but it is carried out
immediately. A stat order for a bronchodilator or an antihis
tamine would be carried out immediately for a patient who
is experiencing an anaphylactic drug reaction.
Parts of the Medication Order:

1. Patient's name

2. Date and time the order is written

3. Name of drug to be administered

4. Dosage of the drug

5. Route by which the drug is to be administered

6. Frequency of administration of the drug

7. Signature of person writing the order


Methods for Computing Drug Dosages:

Drugs are sometimes prepared and supplied in the amount


ordered by the prescriber, and the nurse can see when checking the
medication label that no calculation is necessary. At other times,
drugs are not prepared and supplied in the exact quantities called for
in the medication order, and the nurse must do a dosage
calculation to determine what quantity of medication the patient is
to receive.
FORMULA METHODS :

dose on hand dose desired


quantity on hand X(quantity desired)

250mg 625mg
5 ml X ml

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