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Ch-2 Central Tendency and Variability

1. Statistics can be descriptive or inferential. Descriptive statistics summarize data while inferential statistics draw conclusions about populations from samples. 2. Variables can be discrete, continuous, or constants. Frequency distributions describe how values are distributed and can be unimodal, bimodal, rectangular, symmetrical, or skewed. 3. Measures of central tendency like the mean, median, and mode describe the center of a distribution. The mean is the average, median is the middle value, and mode is the most frequent. Variability measures like variance and standard deviation describe how spread out the values are.

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38 views24 pages

Ch-2 Central Tendency and Variability

1. Statistics can be descriptive or inferential. Descriptive statistics summarize data while inferential statistics draw conclusions about populations from samples. 2. Variables can be discrete, continuous, or constants. Frequency distributions describe how values are distributed and can be unimodal, bimodal, rectangular, symmetrical, or skewed. 3. Measures of central tendency like the mean, median, and mode describe the center of a distribution. The mean is the average, median is the middle value, and mode is the most frequent. Variability measures like variance and standard deviation describe how spread out the values are.

Uploaded by

RUPESH KUMAR YADAV
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

Statistics
 the science of classifying, organizing, and analyzing data

1.1 Descriptive statistics


 its purpose is to organize and summarize observations

 organizing scores in order (descending) and finding average


1.2 Inferential statistics
 Draw a conclusion (an inference) about condition that exist in a
population (the complete set of observations) from study of a sample
(a subset) drawn from the population
 Estimating population parameters from sample statistic
 Equal chance of sample selection
 Observed difference and expected variance
1.3 Variables and constants
1.3.1 Variable: a characteristic that may take on different values such as
intelligence test scores, errors on a spelling test, height, marital status,
and gender.

 Discrete variable: variable that can take on only certain value


 Continuous variable: a variable that can take on any value

1.3.2 Constant: a characteristic that can have only one value (other
values are not possible)
3. Shapes of frequency distribution
3.1 Frequency distribution: A frequency table, histogram, or frequency
polygon describes a frequency distribution.
3.1.1 Shows how the frequencies are spread out or ”distributed”

3.1.2 Unimodal distribution: Frequency distribution with one value clearly


having a larger frequency than any other
3.1.3 Bimodal distribution: Frequency distribution with two approximately
equal frequencies, each clearly larger than any of the others.
3.1.4 Rectangular distribution: A distribution with values of all about the
same frequency is a rectangular distribution.
3.2 Symmetrical distribution: Distribution in which the pattern of
frequencies on the left and right side are mirror images of each other.
3.3 Skewed distribution: Distribution in which the scores pile up on one
side of the middle and are spread out on the other. The side with the
fewer scores is considered the direction of the skew.
Stress rating F3requency
10 3
9 3
8 5
7 7
6 4
5 2
4 1
3 1
2 2
1 1
0 1
Social interactions interval (per week) Frequency
45-49 3
40-44 3
35-39 3
30-34 4
25-29 11
20-24 10
15-19 16
10-14 16
5-9 16
0-4 12
4. Some basic concepts
4.1 Variable: Characteristic that can have different values
4.2 Value: Possible number or category that a score can have
4.3 Score: Particular person’s value on a variable

Example: How stressed (variable) you are on a scale of 0 to 10 (value)? You


mark 8 (score)
Term Examples
Variable Level of stress, age, gender, religion
Value 0,1,2,3,4,25, 85, female, catholic
Score 0,1, 2,3, 4, 25, 85, female, catholic
4.4 Levels of measurement
4.4.1 Numeric variable: Variables whose values are numbers. Example: level of stress
is a numeric variable. Higher the number, the more stress.
4.4.1.1 Equal-interval variables: variables in which the numbers stand for about equal
amounts of what is being measured.
4.4.1.1.1 Ratio-scale: has an absolute zero point
4.4.1.1.2 Discrete or continuous variable

4.4.1.2 Rank-order variable: numbers stand for relative ranking

4.4.2 Nominal variable: variable in which values are categories


Central Tendency and
variability
1. Central Tendency
1.1 Central tendency: a group of scores (a distribution) refers to the
middle of the group of scores

1.1.1 First measure: Mean


1.1.1.1 Ordinary average, the sum of all scores divided by number of
scores
1.1.1.2 Balance point, rather than actual score
1.1.1.3 M= 𝚺 X / N
1.1.2 Second measure: Mode
1.1.2.1 Most common single value in a distribution
1.1.2.2 In a perfectly symmetrical unimodal distribution, the mode is the
same as the mean

Example: 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 11

1.1.2.3 Patterns in distribution missed out when considering mode


1.1.2.4 Mean is affected by change in distribution compared to mode
1.1.2.5 Mode is usual way of describing the central tendency for a nominal
variable
1.1.3 Third measure: Median
1.1.3.1 Line up all the scores from lowest to highest, the middle score is the median

Example: 1, 3, 3, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9

1.1.3.2 Few extreme scores strongly affect mean, not median

Research Question: Evolutionary basis of human mate choice

Argument 1: Men prefer to have more partners whereas women prefer to have a single
and reliable mate. (Men, M = 64.3 ; Women, M = 2.8)

Argument 2: Both men and women prefer to have same number of partners (Median =
1)
2. Variability
2.1 Amount of spread of the scores around the mean
2.2 Measures of variability
2.2.1 Variance (SD2): How spread out the scores are around the mean

2.2.1.1 Four steps to figure variance:

 Subtract the mean from each score


 Square each of these deviation scores
 Add up the squared deviation scores
 Divide the sum of squared deviation by the number of scores

2.2.1.2 Variance is based on squared deviation scores, do not give picture of how
spread out the actual, nonsquared scores are.
2.2.2 Standard deviation

2.2.2.1 Steps to figure standard deviation


 Figure the variance
 Take the square root

2.2.2.2 The variance is about squared deviation from the mean. Its
square root, the standard deviation, is about direct, non-squared
deviations from the mean.

2.2.2.3 Standard deviation is the (roughly) average amount that scores


differ from the mean
Example 1: 7, 8, 8, 7, 3, 1, 6, 9, 3, 8

Example 2: 48, 15, 33, 3, 35, 9, 30, 8, 26


Number of partners:

1, 1, 2, 4, 1, 15, 25, 1, 2, 1

Mean: 53/10= 5.3


Median: 1.5
Mode: 1
Supervisor rating:
On a 15 point scale

9, 14, 14, 13, 12, 15, 10, 11, 13, 14 = 34.25

Mean 1= 5 Grand mean = 54/6= 9


Mean 2=10 Median = 1,3,5,10, 10, 25= 7.5
Mode =10
Mean = 25
Mean 4= 1
Mean 5= 3
Mean 6= 10

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