PERFORMANCE STANDARD

•The learners evaluate opinions

 LESSON 1

•KNOWLEDGE &
TRUTH
 ANSWER THUMBS UP IF THE STATEMENT IS
TRUE; THUMBS DOWN IF THE STATEMENT IS
MISLEADING
• 1. The earth is the third planet in the solar system
• 2. All dogs are loyal
• 3. My sister is a scientist because she loves science
• 4. I am tall because I sleep during siestas.
• 5. Covid-19 can be avoided by following the protocols directed
by the government.
 EGLYEIOSPTMO
This is a science devoted to the
discovery of the proper method
of acquiring and validating
knowledge
 L W K E D N G O
• It is a mental grasp of reality reached either by
perceptual observation or by a process of reason
based on perceptual observation
 N C P T E O C
It is an abstract or generic
idea generalized from
particular instances
 R UT HT
This knowledge is validated
which means that it is highly
based on facts of reality
 N T G R U A E M
It is a group of statements, one or more
of which ( the premises) is claimed to
support for, or reason to believe one of
the others ( the conclusion)
 SOME METHODS OF KNOWLEDGE
ACQUISITION

• 1. Appeal to authority
• Comes from authority or specialist in a particular field of knowledge.
• For example scientists, philosophers, professor, economists etc.
Teachers are accepted as an authority and great source of knowledge by
• learners.
 SOME METHODS OF KNOWLEDGE
ACQUISITION

• 2. Appeal to tradition
• We depend on our traditions for the solution of many problems we might face in
our life. So, we have accepted various traditions of our forefathers or our culture.
Everything that we have accepted from our traditions might not always be valid.
Over the period of time, people have rejected those wrong traditions which were
once valid. o Therefore we should always evaluate the knowledge acquired from
traditions before accepting it.
 SOME METHODS OF KNOWLEDGE
ACQUISITION
• 3. Appeal to senses
• Knowledge is drawn through five senses.
• o The more the senses are involved in process of acquiring knowledge, more
• comprehensive would be the knowledge acquired
 SOME METHODS OF KNOWLEDGE
ACQUISITION
• 4. Inductive and deductive method

The inductive method starts with particular examples. Here learner tries to
arrive at a certain conclusion. This may lead to the formulation of a law,
generalization or principle.
In deductive method learner starts with a generalization or rule, then he
comes to particular examples.
• So we can say that knowledge is gathered both by inductive and deductive
methods
 SOME METHODS OF KNOWLEDGE
ACQUISITION

• 5. Appeal to experiences
Knowledge can also be gathered by experiences.
Our personal experiences or experiences of other people are the most
familiar and fundamental sources of knowledge.
• We learn many things from our day to life and what goes around us.
 SOME METHODS OF KNOWLEDGE
ACQUISITION

• 6. Intuition
The knowledge gained out of intuition is spontaneous and
sudden.
Senses and mind are not involved during intuition.
Anyone can experience it at different points of time
 SOME METHODS OF KNOWLEDGE
ACQUISITION

• Concentration and meditation

Concentration is a mental activity where the person concentrating focuses his mental energy on
aids like a candle flame, idea. breathing, mantras etc.

In meditation person meditating concentrates for a longer period of time.

• Both of them are foundations of attaining knowledge.
While meditating or concentrating a person can make inferences. He can even make a link of facts
of knowledge to something meaningful.
 SOME METHODS OF KNOWLEDGE
ACQUISITION

8. Observation and related processes:-

• Four sub-processes of attaining knowledge are observation, explanation, prediction and control.
• Observation can be internal or external. It can even be a scientific observation.
• Explanation is the elaboration of facts of knowledge in a logical manner.
• Prediction is a process related to cause and effect. In this process, results are predicted. One needs to
understand about causes and their effects.
• Control is the process in which results are filtered out by exercising control on certain factors.
 SOME METHODS OF KNOWLEDGE
ACQUISITION

9. Problem Solving
Here the solution of the problem being solved becomes the
part of knowledge.
Problem-solving is also an effective tool to acquire
knowledge.
 NATURE OF TRUTH

• Validating Knowledge:
1st: “ How did I arrive at this belief, what steps? ( Reduction)
I am alive
I have a body
I can breath
2nd: Proof
3 rd: Consensus
4 rth: Action
 TRUTH VS. OPINION

• Characteristics of an opinion
• 1. Based on emotions
• 2. Open to interpretation
• 3. Cannot be confirmed
• 4. Inherently biased
• While truth is:
• 1. Based on the facts of reality
• 2. Can be confirmed with other sources
• 3. Independent of one’s interpretation, preferences and
biases
• Directions: Identify whether the following statements are FACT or BLUFF.
1. Oranges are always yellow or orange.
2. The egg came first than the chicken.
3. The chances of a coin landing on heads are the same chances of landing
on tails. It’s fifty – fifty.
4. A person whose mother tongue is very different from English will never
lose his/ her accent when moving to the United States.
5. A cloud weighs like 100 elephants.
6. Pangea was the name of the Earth’s original continent
7. You are taller in the morning than on the evening.
8. By the age of eighteen, your brain stops growing.
9. Muscle tissue is three times more efficient at burning calories than fat.
10. Vatican is the smallest country
 THEORIES OF TRUTH

• The Correspondence Theory of Truth is probably the most common and

• widespread way of understanding the nature of truth and falsehood. Put quite
• simply, the Correspondence Theory argues that “truth” is whatever corresponds to
• reality. An idea which corresponds with reality is true while an idea which does not
• correspond with reality is false.
 THEORIES OF TRUTH

• The Coherence Theory of Truth

• a belief is true when we are able to incorporate it in an
orderly and logical manner into a larger and complex system
of beliefs or, even more simply still, a belief is true when it
fits in with the set of all our other beliefs without creating a
contradiction
 THEORIES OF TRUTH

• The Pragmatic Theory of Truth

• The Pragmatic Theory of truth determines whether or not a belief is
true or not based on whether it has a useful (pragmatic) application in
the world
 VARIOUS WAYS OF DOING PHILOSOPHY

1. The dialectic method or Socratic method

Both the Socratic and dialectic method are based on a discussion between two or more
people who may carry differing views but wish to pursue the truth by seeking an agreement with
one another. Meanwhile, the scientific method is a process of determining truth or knowledge
through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing.
• The Pragmatic Method
What pragmatism aims is to test the dogma of science, religion and
philosophy by determining their practical results. The pragmatic test is: if I practice
this belief, will it bring success or failure? Will I solve problems or create problems?
Successful experience is the verification process of truth for the pragmatists
(Stumpf 2008).
• The Phenomenological Method- only facts
provided by immediate experience must
influence human.
4. The Primary and Secondary Reflections
- by Gabriel Marcel
- The result of secondary reflection is a more expansive view of the self until it
embraces the world. Thus, the separation of the self and the world brought about
by primary reflection were united by the secondary reflection.
• The Analytic Method

• Analytic philosophy is the conviction that to some significant degree, philosophical problems, puzzles,
and errors are rooted in language and can be solved or avoided by a sound understanding of language
and careful attention to its workings.
 TWO BASIC TYPES OF REASONING
• 1. Inductive reasoning is based from observations in order
to make generalizations. This reasoning is often applied in
prediction, forecasting, or behavior.
• 2. Deductive reasoning draws conclusion from usually one
broad judgment or definition and one more specific
assertion, often an inference.
 • All philosophers are wise.
(Major premise)
All that has legs are
living;
• Confucius is a philosopher.
(Minor premise)
Chairs have legs;
Therefore, chairs are
• Therefore, Confucius is wise.
(Conclusion) living.
 EVALUATING TRUTH FROM OPINION

• A fallacy is a defect in an argument other than its

having false premises. To detect fallacies, it is
required to examine the argument's content
 FALLACY

• Argumentum ad Hominem or “Attacking the Person”

• Hominem came from the Latin word “homo” which means man. This fallacy
literally means hitting the person below the belt instead of focusing on the issue
at hand.
Example
“How can we believe him when he talks about social distancing, he is a lawyer
who is a liar.”
 FALLACIES

• Argumentum ad Baculum (Appeal to Force)

• Baculum is a Latin word which means scepter or stick. A scepter is a symbol of authority.
Normally it is the pope who carries it in his hands. This is committed when a person uses threat
or force to advance an argument.
• Example
• “TV Patrol is the best news program on TV. If you don’t agree with me, I won’t let you watch the
TV
• Argumentum ad Misercordiam (Appeal to Pity)
• Misercordiam came from Latin word Misercordia which means pity or compassion. A person
uses emotion such as pity to convince someone.
Example
• “Forgive me office, there are lot of boarders in this apartment including me. Only the owner was
issued a quarantine pass. We don’t have food, we can’t give our ATM to the owner. That’s why I
went out. So I did not violate the Quarantine Protocol.”
 FALLACY

• Argumentum ad Populum (Appeal to people/

Bandwagon Fallacy)
• Populum is the Latin word for people. Most of TV commercials are guilty of this argument
which exploit people’s vanity, desires, etc.
• Example:
• “I’m sure you want to have an Iphone. Almost 80% of your schoolmates are using it.”
• Argumentum ad Tradition means tradition.
• Advancing an idea since it has been practice for a long time.
• Example:
• “All of us in the family, form our ancestors up to now, are inclined with teaching, our ancestors
up to now, are inclined with teaching, so it is only right that you took up education as your
course.”
• Argumentum ad Ignorantiam (Appeal to Ignorance)

• Ignorantiam is a Latin word for ignorance. Whatever has been proven false must
be true and vice versa.
• Example:
• “According to Zecharia Sittchin, the author of the book ‘Cosmic Code, Adam
was the first test tube baby. Since nobody proves otherwise, therefore it is true.
• Petitio Principii (Begging the Question)
• According to Merriam Webster’s Dictionary it is a fallacy in which a conclusion is taken for
granted in the premises. Also called “circular argument”
• Example:
• “God exists because the Bible says so. The Bible is inspired. Therefore we know that God
exists.”
• Hasty Generalization
• This fallacy is committed when one reaches a generalization based on insufficient evidence
• Example:
• “Our neighbor who is a Nurse is tested positive of COVID19, therefore, all Nurses are positive
of Corona Virus Disease.”
• Cause and Effect
• Assuming that the effect is related to a case because both events’
occur one after the other.
Example:
• “MyTeacher didn’t collect the homework two weeks in a row when my friend was
absent. Therefore my friend is the reason why my teacher doesn’t collect homework.”
• Fallacy of Composition
• Infers that something is true of a part, is true of a whole
• Example:
• “You are a doctor, therefore you came from a family of doctors.”
• Fallacy of Division
• Infers that something is true of the whole, must also be true
on its parts
• Example:
• “Your family is smart, therefore you are smart.”
• Fallacy of Equivocation
• Using the same term in a different situation with different meaning.
• Example:
• “Humans walk by their legs. The table has legs. Therefore, the
table walks by its legs.
• Directions: Analyze the following statements. Write F if it is FACT and O if it is
• OPINION. Write your answer in your journal.
• 1. According to the latest survey, families are purchasing more household
• items on credit.
• 2. You can hear all the news you need to know from the BBC Radio 1 news
• team.
• 3. The professor argues that the effect of carbon emissions on the
• surrounding environment will only get worse.
• 4. The research team has discovered a new method for conducting this
• chemical analysis.
• 5. The latest poll shows a marked increase in employee dissatisfaction.
• 6. I think public opinion will change over time.
• 7. This book is an enjoyable story of life in a small village.
• 8. The use of computers at the college has increased and the stationery
• budget has doubled in the last few years.
• You have just learned that it is not enough to acquire knowledge but you
should analyze if that knowledge you have acquired is truthful or not.
Philosophizing involves the gift of speech and the gift of intelligence that
enable us to reason out and detect the falsity or truthfulness of a statement.
When one reasons out, he/she expresses his opinion and when others
disagree, then argument begins. In philosophical parlance argument is not an
emotional reptilian word war or a territorial show of force between persons
but a philosophical method in knowing the truth of a certain phenomenon or
reality. It is a set of statements which includes the premises and conclusion
(the latter is the one that claims the truth of the premises) (Cornejo & Ebia,
2017).
• Double (1999), although philosophy is an organized body of
knowledge, the subject matter of philosophy is questions, which have
three major characteristics:

• 1. Philosophical questions have answers, but the answers remain in

dispute.
• 2. Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science, common
sense, or faith.
• 3. Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual interest to
human beings
• The methodology or method that philosophers use to address philosophical questions is critical
thinking. Critical thinking is the careful, reflective, rational, and systematic approach to
questions of very general interest. Critical thinking means understanding of philosophy and
refraining from merely giving claims but through careful thought, one reasons through
argumentations. One tries to become a "philosopher" because one possesses and cherishes above
the rest of humanity the "love of wisdom" which is a part of all human nature and because one
more reflectively and critically brings to light and examines the largest and widest implications
of the life of all human beings
• For Maboloc and Pascua (2008), critical thinking is a lifelong process of
• self-assessment that further consists of:
• • defining, analyzing, and devising solutions;
• • arriving at reasonable and informed conclusions;
• • applying understanding and knowledge to new and different problems;
• • willingness to change one point of view;
• • continually examining and re-examining ideas; and
• • willingness to say "l don't know.
• The attributes of a critical thinker include:
• • Looks for evidence to support assumption and beliefs
• • Adjusts opinions
• • Looks for proof
• • Examines problem
• • Rejects irrelevant and incorrect information