Hypothesis

Testing
12th Week
Lesson 10
APM 1240
Outline
A. Steps in Hypothesis Testing
B. Z-Test
C. T-test
D. Test for Proportions
 Hypothesis Testing
• Statistical hypothesis testing is a decision-making process for
evaluating claims about a population.
• In hypothesis testing, the researcher must define the population
under study, state the particular hypotheses that will be investigated,
give the significance level, select a sample from the population, collect
the data, perform the calculations required for the statistical test, and
reach a conclusion.

• Hypotheses concerning parameters such as means and proportions

can be investigated.
• The z test and the t test are used for hypothesis testing concerning
means.

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Gravetter & Wallnau Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach by Bluman Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, CA. A. HESSE, J. B. OFOSU
 Hypothesis Testing
• The three methods used to test hypotheses are:
1. The traditional method.
2. The P-value method.
3. The confidence interval method.

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Gravetter & Wallnau Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach by Bluman Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, CA. A. HESSE, J. B. OFOSU
 Statement of Hypothesis
A statistical hypothesis is a conjecture about a population parameter which may or may not be
true. There are two types of statistical hypotheses for each situation: the null hypothesis and the
alternative hypothesis.

The null hypothesis, symbolized by H0, is a statistical hypothesis

that states that there is no difference between a parameter and a
specific value, or that there is no difference between two
parameters.
The alternative hypothesis, symbolized by H1, is a statistical
hypothesis that states the existence of a difference between a
parameter and a specific value, or states that there is a difference
between two parameters.

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Gravetter & Wallnau Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach by Bluman Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, CA. A. HESSE, J. B. OFOSU
 Statement of Hypothesis
After stating the hypotheses, the researcher’s next step is to design the study. The researcher selects
the correct statistical test, chooses an appropriate level of significance, and formulates a plan for
conducting the study.

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Gravetter & Wallnau Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach by Bluman Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, CA. A. HESSE, J. B. OFOSU
 Statement of Hypothesis
DESIGN OF STUDY:
After stating the hypotheses, the researcher’s next step is to design the study. The
researcher selects the correct statistical test, chooses an appropriate level of significance,
and formulates a plan for conducting the study.

STATISTICAL TEST:
A statistical test uses the data obtained from a sample to make a decision
about whether or not the null hypothesis should be rejected.
The numerical value obtained from a statistical test is called the test value.

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Gravetter & Wallnau Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach by Bluman Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, CA. A. HESSE, J. B. OFOSU
 Possible Outcomes
H0 True H0 False

Reject Error Correct

H0
Type I Decision

Do not
reject Correct Error
H0 Decision Type II

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Gravetter & Wallnau Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach by Bluman Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, CA. A. HESSE, J. B. OFOSU
 Possible Outcomes
A type I error occurs if one rejects the null hypothesis when it is true.
A type II error occurs if one does not reject the null hypothesis when it is false.

The level of significance is the maximum probability of committing a type I error. This
probability is symbolized by ; that is , .
The probability of a type II error is symbolized by . That is,

P( type I error )  
P( type II error )  

In most hypothesis testing situations,  cannot easily be computed; however,  and

 are related in that decreasing one increases the other.

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Gravetter & Wallnau Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach by Bluman Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, CA. A. HESSE, J. B. OFOSU
 Critical Value
In a hypothesis testing situation, the researcher decides what level of significance to use.
After a significance level is chosen, a critical value is selected from a table for the
appropriate test.
The critical value(s) separates the critical region from the noncritical region.
The symbol for critical value is C.V.

The critical or rejection region is the range of values of the test

value that indicates that there is a significant difference and
that the null hypothesis should be rejected.
The noncritical or nonrejection region is the range of values of
the test value that indicates that the difference was probably
due to chance and that the null hypothesis should not be
rejected.

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Gravetter & Wallnau Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach by Bluman Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, CA. A. HESSE, J. B. OFOSU
 Left – Tailed Test
H0 :   k   010
. , C. V.  128
.
H1 :   k   0.05, C. V.  165
.
  0.01, C. V.  2.33

Noncritical
Critical region
region

-z 0

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Gravetter & Wallnau Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach by Bluman Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, CA. A. HESSE, J. B. OFOSU
 Right – Tailed Test
H0 :   k   010
. , C. V.  128
.
H1 :   k   0.05, C. V.  165
.
  0.01, C. V.  2.33

Noncritical Critical
region region

0 +z

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Gravetter & Wallnau Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach by Bluman Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, CA. A. HESSE, J. B. OFOSU
 Two– Tailed Test
H0 :  k   0.10,C.V.  1.65
H1 :   k   0.05,C.V.  1.96
  0.01,C.V.  2.58

In a two-tailed test, the

null hypothesis should
be rejected when the
test value is in either of Noncritical
Noncritical Critical
the two critical regions. Critical region
region Critical
region
region region

-z 00 +z

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Gravetter & Wallnau Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach by Bluman Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, CA. A. HESSE, J. B. OFOSU
 Hypothesis Testing (Traditional)

• Step 1State the hypothesis and identify the

claim.
• Step 2Find the critical value from the
appropriate table.
• Step 3Compute the test value.
• Step 4Make the decision to reject or not reject
the null hypothesis.
• Step 5Summarize the results.

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Gravetter & Wallnau Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach by Bluman Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, CA. A. HESSE, J. B. OFOSU
 Z TEST

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Gravetter & Wallnau Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach by Bluman Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, CA. A. HESSE, J. B. OFOSU
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Gravetter & Wallnau Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach by Bluman Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, CA. A. HESSE, J. B. OFOSU
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Gravetter & Wallnau Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach by Bluman Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, CA. A. HESSE, J. B. OFOSU
 P-value
The P-value (or probability value) is the probability of getting a sample statistic (such as the
mean) or a more extreme sample statistic in the direction of the alternative hypothesis when
the null hypothesis is true.

The P-value is the actual area under the standard normal distribution curve (or other curve
depending on what statistical test is being used) representing the probability of a particular
sample statistic or a more extreme sample statistic occurring if the null hypothesis is true.

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Gravetter & Wallnau Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach by Bluman Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, CA. A. HESSE, J. B. OFOSU
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Gravetter & Wallnau Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach by Bluman Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, CA. A. HESSE, J. B. OFOSU
 T-Test

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Gravetter & Wallnau Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach by Bluman Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, CA. A. HESSE, J. B. OFOSU
 T-Test

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Gravetter & Wallnau Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach by Bluman Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, CA. A. HESSE, J. B. OFOSU
 T-Test

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Gravetter & Wallnau Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach by Bluman Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, CA. A. HESSE, J. B. OFOSU
 Z-Test for a Proportion
A hypothesis test involving a population proportion can be considered as a binomial experiment when there
are only two outcomes and the probability of a success does not change from trial to trial.

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Gravetter & Wallnau Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach by Bluman Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, CA. A. HESSE, J. B. OFOSU
References:
• Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach by Bluman
• Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences by Gravetter & Wallnau
• Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, CA. A. HESSE, J. B.
OFOSU