INTRODUCTION TO ICT

LECTURE: 05
 System Software:
Operating Systems and
Utility Programs

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SYSTEM SOFTWARE AND APPLICATION
SOFTWARE
■ System software: The operating system and utility programs that control a computer
system and allow you to use your computer
❑ Enables the boot process, launches applications, transfers files, controls hardware
configuration, manages hard drive, and protects from unauthorized use

■ Application software: Programs that allow a user to perform specific tasks on a

computer
❑ Word processing, playing a game, preparing taxes, browsing the Web, and so forth

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THE OPERATING SYSTEM
■ Operating system: A collection of programs that manage and coordinate the activities
taking place within a computer system
❑ Acts as an
intermediary
between the
user and the
computer

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FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
■ Interfacing with users (typically via a GUI)
■ Booting the computer
❑ Kernel is loaded into memory
❑ Processes are started

■ Configuring devices
❑ Device drivers are often needed; can be reinstalled if needed
❑ Plug and Play devices are recognized automatically

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FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
■ Managing resources and jobs
❑ Makes resources available to devices
❑ Monitors for problems
❑ Scheduling routines
■ File management
❑ Keeps track of files stored
on computer
❑ Hierarchical format
■ Security
❑ Passwords
❑ Biometric characteristics
❑ Firewalls

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FILE MANAGEMENT

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PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR INCREASED
EFFICIENCY
■ Multitasking: The ability of an operating system to have more than one
program (task) open at one time
■ CPU rotates between tasks
■ Switching is done quickly
■ Appears as though all programs executing at the same time

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PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR
INCREASED EFFICIENCY
■ Multiprocessing and parallel processing: Multiple processors (or multiple cores) are
used in one computer system to perform work more efficiently
❑ Simultaneous processing: Performs tasks at the same time
❑ Multiprocessing: Each CPU (or core) typically works on a different job
■ Used with personal computers with multi-core processors
❑ Parallel processing: CPUs or cores typically works together to complete one job more quickly
■ Used with servers and mainframes

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PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR
INCREASED EFFICIENCY

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PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR
INCREASED EFFICIENCY
■ Memory management: Optimizing the use of main memory (RAM)
❑ Virtual memory: Memory-management technique that uses hard drive space as additional
RAM

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PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR
INCREASED EFFICIENCY
■ Buffering and spooling: Used with printers and other peripheral devices
■ Buffer: area in RAM or on the hard drive designated to hold input and output on their way
in or out of the system
■ Spooling: placing items in a buffer so they can be retrieved by the appropriate device when
needed

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DIFFERENCES AMONG OPERATING SYSTEMS
■ Command line vs. graphical user
interface (GUI)
❑ Most operating systems use
GUI today

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DIFFERENCES AMONG OPERATING SYSTEMS
■ Personal vs. server operating system
❑ Personal operating system: designed to be installed on a single computer
❑ Server operating system: designed to be installed on a network server
■ Client computers still use a personal operating system
■ Server operating system controls access to network resources
❑ Many operating systems come in both versions
■ Mobile and embedded operating systems also exist

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SERVER OPERATING SYSTEMS

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DIFFERENCES AMONG OPERATING SYSTEMS
■ Types of processors supported
❑ Desktop, mobile, server, etc.
■ Number of processors
■ 32-bit or 64-bit CPUs
■ Support for other technologies
❑ Virtualization
❑ Power-saving features
❑ Touch and gesture input

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OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR PERSONAL
COMPUTERS AND SERVERS

■ DOS: Disk Operating System

❑ PC-DOS: Created originally for IBM microcomputers
❑ MS-DOS: used with IBM-compatible computers
❑ DOS traditionally used a command-line interface
❑ Can enter DOS commands in Windows

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WINDOWS
■ Windows: The predominate personal operating system developed by Microsoft
Corporation
❑ Windows 1.0 through Windows 3.x: Operating environments for DOS
❑ Windows 95, Windows 98 & Windows Me: Used a similar GUI to the one used with
Windows 3.x
❑ Designed for personal computers
❑ Windows NT (New Technology): first 32-bit version of Windows designed for high-
end workstations and servers. (Different Kernel)

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WINDOWS

❑ Windows 2000: replaced Windows NT; was geared towards high-end business
workstations and servers, support for wireless devices
❑ Windows XP: Replaced both Windows 2000 and Windows Me
■ Improved photo, video, and music editing and sharing
■ Improved networking capabilities
■ Support for voice input
■ Support for all these earlier versions has been discontinued.

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WINDOWS

❑ Windows Vista: Replaced Windows XP

■ Features the Aero visual interface
❑ Transparency and animations
❑ Live Thumbnails
■ Additional features
❑ Sidebar(Contain gadgets), Instant Search, etc.
■ Windows Media Center and Speech Recognition
■ Built-in security features
■ Support for windows vista was ended in April 2017

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WINDOWS VISTA

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WINDOWS
❑ Windows 7: Newest version of Windows released Oct. 2009
■ 32-bit and 64-bit versions in four editions
❑ Home Premium (primary version for home users)
❑ Professional (primary version for businesses)
■ Starts up and responds faster than Vista
■ Will run well on netbooks, unlike Vista
■ Device Stage for all connected devices
■ Improved home networking (HomeGroup)
■ One click wi-fi connections
■ Support for voice and pen input
■ Jump lists, Live thumbnails

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WINDOWS 7

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 WINDOWS 8

• Released in 2012
• Designed to be used with wide range of devices
• Live Tiles
• Charm Bar

• Windows 10
• Universal Operating System
• Run on Servers as well
• Start Menu contains shortcuts and tiles
• Discontinued feature: Charm bar

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WINDOWS 8

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WINDOWS

❑ Windows Server: Server version of Windows

■ Windows Server 2019: Most recent version
■ Includes a variety of services
❑ Better Performance
❑ Support for virtualization
❑ New security tools

❑ Windows Home Server: New operating system based on Windows Server

■ Provides services for a home network(file sharing, print server, )
■ Can back up all devices on the network automatically

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MAC OS
■ Mac OS: Proprietary operating system for
computers made by Apple Corporation
❑ Based on the UNIX operating system; originally set
the standard for graphical user interfaces
❑ Mac OS X Snow Leopard: Most recent personal
version
❑ Includes:
■ Safari Web browser
■ New features like Time Machine, Stacks, Quick
Look, Boot Camp, etc.
■ More responsive than previous versions

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• UNIX UNIX
– Operating system developed in the late 1960s for
midrange servers
– Multiuser, multitasking operating system
– More expensive, requires high level of technical
knowledge; harder to install, maintain, and upgrade
– “UNIX” initially referred to the original UNIX operating
system, now refers to a group of similar operating systems
based on UNIX
– Single UNIX Specification
• A standardized UNIX environment

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 28

• Linux LINUX
– Developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991—resembles UNIX but
was developed independently
– Is open-source software; has been collaboratively modified
by volunteer programmers all over the world
– Originally used a command line interface, most recent
versions use a GUI
– Strong support from mainstream companies, such as
IBM,
NVIDIA, HP, Dell, and Novell
– Individuals and organizations are switching to Linux and
other open source software because of cost
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 29
 LINUX

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 30

 OPERATING SYSTEMS
• Windows PhoneFOR
8, Windows RT, and Windows
MOBILE DEVICESEmbedded
– Windows Phone
• Latest version of Windows designed for smartphones
• Windows Phone 8 is based on the Windows 8 operating
system
– Windows RT
• Designed for tablet use
– Windows Embedded
• Designed primarily for consumer and industrial devices
that are not personal computers

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 31

 OPERATING SYSTEMS
– Android FOR MOBILE PHONES
AND
• Linux-based OTHER
operating DEVICES
system created with current
mobile device capabilities in mind
• Can create applications that take full advantage of all
the features a mobile device has to offer
• Open platform
• Current version is Android 4.3, also known as Jelly
Bean
• Devices support multitasking, multiple cores, NFC
mobile payment transactions, Internet phone calls

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 32

 OPERATING SYSTEMS
FOR MOBILE PHONES
AND OTHER DEVICES

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 33

 OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR MOBILE
PHONES AND OTHER DEVICES

– iOS
• Designed for Apple Mobile phones and mobile devices
• Current version is iOS 7
• Supports multitasking
• Includes Safari Web browser, the Siri intelligent
assistant, Facetime video calling, AirDrop to send items
to others, and apps for email, messaging, music, and
search

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 40

 OPERATING SYSTEMS
FOR MOBILE PHONES
AND OTHER DEVICES

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 35

 OPERATING SYSTEMS
FOR
– Blackberry OS MOBILE
and Blackberry PHONES
PlayBook OS
• Designed AND OTHER
for Blackberry DEVICES
devices
– Mobile Linux
• Other mobile operating systems based on Linux besides
Android and iOs
• Ubuntu, webOS, Firefox OS, and Tizen

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 36

 OPERATING SYSTEMS
• FOR use
Larger computers sometimes LARGER
operating systems designed
COMPUTERS
solely for that type of system
• IBM’s z/OS is designed for IBM mainframes
• Windows, UNIX, and Linux are also used with servers,
mainframes, and supercomputers
• Larger computers may also use a customized
operating system
based on a conventional operating system

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 37

 ACTIVITY
❏ CHECK THE ANDROID NAME AND VERSION OF
YOUR MOBILE PHONE
❏ WRITE DOWN ON STICKY NOTE
❏ PASTE ON THE WHITEBOARD.

WHAT NEXT ???

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UTILITY PROGRAMS
■ Utility program: Software that performs a specific task, usually related to managing or
maintaining the computer system
■ Many utilities are built into operating systems (for finding files, viewing images,
backing up files, etc.)
■ Utilities are also available as stand-alone products and as suites

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FILE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS
■ File management programs: Enable the user to perform file management tasks, such as:
❑ Looking at the contents of a storage medium
❑ Copying, moving, and renaming files and folders
❑ Deleting files and folders
❑ File management program in Windows is Windows Explorer

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USING WINDOWS EXPLORER

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USING WINDOWS EXPLORER

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UTILITY PROGRAMS
■ Search tools: Designed to search for files on the user’s hard drive
❑ Windows includes search tools
■ Diagnostic programs: Evaluate your system and make recommendations for fixing any
errors found
■ Disk management programs: Diagnose and repair problems related to your hard drive
■ Uninstall utilities: Remove programs from your hard drive without leaving bits and
pieces behind
■ Important to properly uninstall programs, not just delete them

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UTILITY PROGRAMS
■ Clean up utilities: Delete temporary files
■ File compression programs: Reduce the size of files so they take up less storage space
on a storage medium or can be transmitted faster over the Internet
❑ Both zip and unzip files
❑ WinZip (Windows users) and Stuffit (Mac users)

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UTILITY PROGRAMS
■ Backup and recovery utilities: Make the backup and restoration process easier
❑ Backup: Duplicate copy of data or other computer content
❑ Good backup procedures are critical for businesses
❑ Individuals should back up important documents,
e-mail, photos, home video, etc.
❑ Store backup data on a CD or DVD, second hard drive, flash memory drive, or upload
to the Internet
❑ Backup your entire computer once all programs have been installed, so your system
can be restored to that configuration.

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BACKUP PROGRAMS

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UTILITY PROGRAMS
■ Security programs: Protect computers and users
❑ Antivirus programs
❑ Antispyware programs
❑ Firewalls
❑ Many are included in Windows and other operating systems

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THE FUTURE OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
■ Will continue to become more user-friendly
■ Will eventually be driven primarily by a voice interface
■ Likely to continue to become more stable and self-healing
■ Will likely continue to include improved security features and to support multiple
processors and other technological improvements
■ May be used primarily to access software available through the Internet or other
networks

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