The Challenge of Total Power

Factor Correction

1
 Agenda
I. Introduction

II. Power Factor Definition

III. Why Improve Power Factor?

IV. Simple Displacement Power Factor Calculation

V. Harmonics and Resonance – Case Study

VI. Limiting of Surge Current

VII. Schneider Electric Power Factor Solution

VIII. Where to install?

IX. Conclusion

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 2

 I. Introduction

 When implementing power factor correction, there

are two main challenges:
 Surges caused by contactor switching
 Harmonics present in the electrical network

 The understand of harmonics sources and effects

will be an advantages and complement the
implementation of power factor correction (PFC).

 Understand thy electrical network is important prior

to install PFC.

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 3

 I. Introduction

II. Power Factor Definition

III. Why Improve Power Factor?

IV. Simple Displacement Power Factor Calculation

V. Harmonics and Resonance – Case Study

VI. Limiting of Surge Current

VII. Schneider Electric Power Factor Solution

VIII. Where to install?

IX. Conclusion

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 4

 II. Power Factor Definition – Linear Load System

 What does it mean by linear load?

 No power-electronic devices.
 Only consists of inductive, resistive and capacitive loads
 Does not modify the conventional sinewave waveform of V
and I.

 Power factor is the displacement angle

Φ between voltage and current.
800
600
400
200
 Leading or lagging power factor is
0 depending on the type of loads.
-200
-400
-600
 Remember the “ELI the ICE-man”?
-800

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 5

 II. Power Factor Definition – Linear Load System

kVAR
Reactive Power

kW
Active Power
kVA
Apparent Power

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 6

 II. Power Factor Definition – Nonlinear System

 What does it mean by nonlinear load?

 Mostly generated by power-electronic devices.
 Modify the conventional sinewave waveform I, and hence V.
 Typical nonlinear loads – DC/AC Drives, UPS, DC power
supply, electronic equipment, etc.

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 7

 II. Power Factor Definition – Nonlinear System

Power factor in
system with linear
loads only.

S = kVA
Q = kVAr
(Apparent Power)
(Reactive Power)
Power factor component in
system with harmonics
(linear + nonlinear loads)
D = kVAH
θTPF
(Distortion Power)
(True/Total Power Factor)
P = kW
(Real Power)

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 8

 II. Power Factor Definition – PF Components
S kVA   P 2  Q 2  D 2
S = kVA
(Apparent Power)
Q = kVAr  Vrms I rms
(Reactive Power)

 V
k 1
2 2
I
k rms k rms

D = kVAH
θTPF
(True/Total Power Factor)
(Distortion Power)  V1rms I1rms 1  THDV2 1  THDI2
P = kW
(Real Power)  S1 1  THDV2 1  THDI2

Displacement Power Factor kW

(Fundamental Components): cos  dispPF 
S1

1
Distortion Power Factor cos  distPF 
(Harmonic Components): 1  THDV2 1  THDI2

True/Total Power Factor : cos  TPF  cos  dispPF  cos  distPF

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 9

 I. Introduction

II. Power Factor Definition

III. Why Improve Power Factor?

IV. Simple Displacement Power Factor Calculation

V. Harmonics and Resonance – Case Study

VI. Limiting of Surge Current

VII. Schneider Electric Power Factor Solution

VIII. Where to install?

IX. Conclusion

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 10

 III. Why Improve Power Factor?

 Most utility bills are based on real power demand (kW)

 Yet, utilities must install facilities to deliver total power (kVA)

 Power factor (pf) penalties recoup cost of excess facilities

required by poor power factor loads

 When pf is improved, it will…

 Reduce electric bill (penalties)
 Release system capacity
 Reduce I2R losses
 Improve Voltage Regulation

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 11

 III. Why Improve Power Factor?

 According to IEEE Standard 1036-1992…

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 12

 III. Why Improve Power Factor?
- Reduce Electric Bill (Penalties)
 You can reduce the electric bill if the charges has the
following component:
 kVAh
 kVARh
 Power factor (pf)

A 400 kVAR
kV 600 kVAR
0 0
1 0

pf = 0.80 825 kVA

200 kVAR
pf = 0.97 800 kW

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 13

 III. Why Improve Power Factor?
- Reduce Electric Bill (Penalties)

Plant A Plant B
Unit (kVAh) 100000 82500
Rate ($) 0.208 0.208
Amount $ 20,800 $ 17,160
Savings/month $ 3,640

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 14

 III. Why Improve Power Factor?
- Release System Capacity
 Capacitors can off-load transformers and cables
 Reduce current

kW kVAR
100 100 kW
100 kVAR kW
100
75

kVA = 143 kVA = 125 kVA = 100

pf = 70% pf = 80% pf = 100%

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 15

 III. Why Improve Power Factor?
- Release System Capacity
 Example:
 Plant A & B consume same real power, but different power
factor.

Volts KVA kW kVAR pf Requires

Plant A 6 MVA
415 4506 4185 1670 0.925 transformer

Unequal Total Demand Equal Demand

Volts KVA kW kVAR pf Requires

Plant B 8 MVA
415 6079 4185 4408 0.689 transformer

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 16

 III. Why Improve Power Factor?
- Release System Capacity
 Reduce current drawn from the source

S  3Vrms I rms
Volts KVA kW kVAR pf Amps
Plant A
415 4506 4185 1670 0.925 6269

Volts KVA kW kVAR pf Amps

Plant B
415 6079 4185 4408 0.689 8457

26% System capacity Released

by improving your power factor!

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 17

 III. Why Improve Power Factor?
- Release System Capacity

PFold
kVArelease  1
PFnew

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 18

 III. Why Improve Power Factor?
- Reduce I2R Losses

Real current component

Reactive current component

Poor PF
Source load
Xfmr 2

Xfmr 1
3
2
1

No Capacitor in system

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 19

 III. Why Improve Power Factor?
- Reduce I2R Losses
Real current component
Reactive current component

Poor PF
Source load
Xfmr 2

Xfmr 1
3
2
1 Capacitor

Capacitor at Facility source, relieves utility but does not reduce I 2R losses

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 20

 III. Why Improve Power Factor?
- Reduce I2R Losses
Real current component
Reactive current component

Poor PF
Source load
Xfmr 2

Xfmr 1
3
2 Capacitor
1

Capacitor at location 2, relieves utility and Xfmr 1.

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 21

 III. Why Improve Power Factor?
- Reduce I2R Losses
Real current component
Reactive current component

Poor PF
Source load
Xfmr 2

Xfmr 1
3 Capacitor
2
1

Capacitor at location 3, relieves utility and both Xfmrs and I 2R losses in facility.

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 22

 III. Why Improve Power Factor?
- Reduce I2R Losses

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 23

 III. Why Improve Power Factor?
- Improve Voltage Regulation
 When capacitors are added, voltage will increase

 Typically only a few percent

 Severe over-correction (pf >1) – leading power factor will

! cause a voltage rise that can damage insulation & equipment;
or result in utility surcharges!
 Usually a result of large fixed capacitors at mains

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 24

 III. Why Improve Power Factor?
- Improve Voltage Regulation

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 25

 I. Introduction

II. Power Factor Definition

III. Why Improve Power Factor?

IV. Simple Displacement Power Factor Calculation

V. Harmonics and Resonance – Case Study

VI. Limiting of Surge Current

VII. Schneider Electric Power Factor Solution

VIII. Where to install?

IX. Conclusion

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 26

 IV. Simple Displacement Power Factor
Calculation

 Adding a capacitor will align the fundamental voltage and

current more towards unity.

 This means that the reactive power is reduced.

Added
Φ kVAf original kVArf
800
600
400
200 kVAf new
0
-200
-400 kVArf new
-600 Φ
-800

kWf

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 27

 IV. Simple Displacement Power Factor
Calculation
 Example:
 Reduce 500kW motor displacement power factor of 0.8 to 0.95 lag.

Original Reactive Power:

Original Displacement Power Factor:

tan   0.75
cos   0.8 ?
kVAR

  cos 1 0.8 
kW
kVAR  kW  tan 
 36.9o 500 kW
 5000.75
 375

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 28

 IV. Simple Displacement Power Factor
Calculation
 Example:
 Reduce 500kW motor displacement power factor of 0.8 to 0.95 lag.

Targeted Reactive Power:

Targeted Displacement Power

Factor:
tan   0.329
cos   0.95
kVAR  kW  tan 
  cos 1 0.95 165kVAR  5000.329

 18.2o  165
500 kW

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 29

 IV. Simple Displacement Power Factor
Calculation
 Example:
 Reduce 500kW motor displacement power factor of 0.8 to 0.95 lag.

Total Reactive Power

Compensation Required :

210kVAR
kVAR required  kVAR original  kVARt arg eted 375kVAR
 375  165
 210

165kVAR
 
500 kW

KVARrequired = KW [tan(cos-1PFold)-tan(cos-1PFnew)]

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 30

 IV. Simple Displacement Power Factor
Calculation – Which pf to compensate?
 When installing capacitor bank to improve displacement PF,
the distortion PF will not be improved.
 Pure capacitor will not correct the harmonics distortion.
 Disp. PF = 1, Dist PF = 0.7 lag, True PF = 0.7 lag
 To improve True/Total PF, it requires compensation of
harmonic distortion in the network.
Φ Φ
800 800
600 600
400 400
200 200
0 0
-200 -200
-400 -400
-600 -600
-800 -800

Before Adding a capacitor After Adding a capacitor

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 31

 I. Introduction

II. Power Factor Definition

III. Why Improve Power Factor?

IV. Simple Displacement Power Factor Calculation

V. Harmonics and Resonance – Case Study

VI. Limiting of Surge Current

VII. Schneider Electric Power Factor Solution

VIII. Where to install?

IX. Conclusion

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 32

 V. Harmonics And Resonance
 REMEMBER! Adding a pure capacitor into a harmonic
polluted network could cause Harmonic Resonance.

 What is Harmonic Resonance?

 Nonlinear loads cause harmonic currents
 Inductive reactance increases as capacitive reactance
decreases as the frequency or harmonic order increases
 Crossover point exists where inductive and capacitive
reactances are equal - Parallel resonance
 Resonance occurs when Xc = XL
 Harmonic resonance is when harmonics exist at the frequency
where impedances match

 Sign of Resonance:
 Overheating
 Capacitor failure
 Increase of THDv

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 33

 V. Harmonics And Resonance
– Parallel Resonance

System Impedance As A Function of Frequency

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 34

 V. Harmonics And Resonance – Case Study

 Customer install pure PFC to compensate poor PF.

 Harmonic exist in the system – 12 pulse Drives
 Resonance occurred when the PFC is turned on.

P e rc e n ta g e o f F u n d a m e n ta l
P hase A -B V o ltage Ph ase A -B V o ltag e
5 1 2 P o in ts / C y c le S p e c tra l a n a ly s is (c y c le ra n g e 1 - 4 ) - 5 1 2 P o in ts / C y c le

10000
2.25
7500
2.00
V o lta g e

5000 1.75
2500 1.50
0 1.25
-2500 1.00
0.75
-5000
0.50
-7500
0.25
-10000 0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Milliseconds H arm onics

Typical waveform without load.

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 35

 V. Harmonics And Resonance – Case Study

Ph ase A -B V o ltag e Ph ase A C u rren t

5 1 2 P o in ts / C y c le 5 1 2 P o in ts / C y c le

300
1 00 0 0
7 50 0 200

C u rre n t
V o lt a g e

5 00 0
100
2 50 0
0 0
-25 0 0 -100
-50 0 0
-75 0 0 -200
-10 0 00 -300

o f F u n d a m e n ta l
o f F u n d a m e n ta l

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
M illise con d s M illiseconds

P h ase A -B V o ltag e P h ase A C u rren t

S p e c tra l a n a ly s is (c y c le ra n g e 1 - 4 ) - 5 1 2 P o in ts / C y c le
S p e c tra l a n a ly s is (c y c le ra n g e 1 - 4 ) - 5 1 2 P o in ts / C y c le

3.5 22 5
3.0 20 0
2.5 17 5
P e rc e n ta g e

P e rc e n ta g e
15 0
2.0
12 5
1.5
10 0
1.0 75
0.5 50
0.0 25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0
H a rm onics 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
H arm on ics
Typical waveform with load and capacitor.
SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 36
 V. Harmonics And Resonance – Case Study

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 37

 V. Harmonics And Resonance – Case Study

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 38

 I. Introduction

II. Power Factor Definition

III. Why Improve Power Factor?

IV. Simple Displacement Power Factor Calculation

V. Harmonics and Resonance – Case Study

VI. Limiting of Surge Current

VII. Schneider Electric Power Factor Solution

VIII. Where to install?

IX. Conclusion

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 39

 VI. Limiting of Surge Current
- Transient Voltage Caused by Surge Current

 Sudden change in instantaneous voltage lasting less than one

cycle.

Phase A-N Voltage

Volta ge A

500

400

300
Vo lt s

200

100

0 Ser ies 1

- 100

- 200

- 300

- 400

- 500

Volta ge B

600

500

400
Phase B-N Voltage
300
Vo lt s

Capacitor
200

100
Ser ies 1
0

- 100

Switching
- 200

- 300

- 400

- 500

Phase C-N Voltage

Vol ta ge C

500

400

300
Volts

200

100

0
Series 1
-100

-200

-300

-400

-500

-600

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 40

 VI. Limiting of Surge Current
- Surge Current Estimation

 When capacitor is fully discharged, it behave like a short circuit.

Step 1
Ztr
V V
I Surge  
Zcb
Z tr  Z cb 

I(surge)

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 41

 VI. Limiting of Surge Current
- Voltage Transient

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 42

 VI. Limiting of Surge Current
- Voltage Transient

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 43

 VI. Limiting of Surge Current
- Voltage Transient

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 44

 VI. Limiting of Surge Current
- Surge Current Estimation

Step 2
Ztr
V
Zcb V
I Surge    I1C
Z tr  Z cb 

I1c I(surge)

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 45

 VI. Limiting of Surge Current
- Surge Current Estimation

Step 3
Ztr
V
V
Zcb I Surge    I1C  I 2C
Z tr  Z cb 

I1c I2c I(surge)

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 46

 VI. Limiting of Surge Current
- Surge Current Estimation

Step 3
Ztr
V
V I Surge    I1C  I 2C    I nC
Zcb
Z tr  Z cb 

I1c I2c I3c I(surge)

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 47

 VI. Limiting of Surge Current
- Surge Current Solution (1)

 Inductor
 Choke Ztr
 Reactor V
 Coil Zcb

I1c

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 48

 VI. Limiting of Surge Current
- Surge Current Solution (2)

 Special contactor with pre-charge resistor

Ztr
V
Zcb

Main Auxiliary
contact contact

Auxiliary contact
closed  4 mSec
before main
contact closed

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 49

 VI. Limiting of Surge Current
- Surge Current Solution (2)

 Why concern about contactor during

automatic capacitor bank switching?
 The energization of a discharged capacitor
bank is similar to a short circuit
 The contactors are not designed to support
short circuit current without damage
 The safety of person is not provided
 The installation safety is not provided
 We have to use proven adapted solutions

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 50

 VI. Limiting of Surge Current
- Surge Current Solution (2)

 Main characteristics:
 Electrical durability :300 000
operations
 Operation up to ambient
temperature of 55 °C without
derating. 55°
 Complies with IEC, VDE, UL,
CSA, NFC standards

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 51

 VI. Limiting of Surge Current

Ztr
V
Zcb

Auxiliary
contact

Main
closed 
contact
4 mSec
earlier

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 52

 I. Introduction

II. Power Factor Definition

III. Why Improve Power Factor?

IV. Simple Displacement Power Factor Calculation

V. Harmonics and Resonance – Case Study

VI. Limiting of Surge Current

VII. Schneider Electric Power Factor Solution

VIII. Where to install?

IX. Conclusion

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 53

 VII. Schneider Electric PFC
 Don’t confuse with Tuned or Detuned PFC

 Detuned Power Factor Correction (PFC)

 Detuned tuning point is typically outside -8% of target harmonic order
(e.g. 3.8th – 4.2nd order)
 a.k.a. Anti-Resonant PFC
 Primary function: PFC
 Secondary function: Harmonic filtering (side-effect) – Not that effective

 Tuned/Passive harmonic filter PFC

 Tuned tuning point is typically within -8% of target harmonic order (e.g.
4.5th – 4.9th order)
 Cannot fully compensate the according to harmonic.

 Both PFC’s activation based on displacement power factor.

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 54

 VII. Active Harmonic Filters & Dynamic VAR
Compensator– AccuSine

 Leading-edge technology for harmonic filtering

 IGBTs, 20 kHz modulation, to synthesize the output
current for injection
 Real time control algorithms
 Responds instantly to inrush situations
(100 micro-sec)
 Full response in 8 msec for steady sate situations

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 55

 VII. AccuSine: Sophisticated control and protection

decouples the filter board

inductor/capacitor circuit
from the AC lines

200k AIC

three phase AC
line connection
remove the carrier frequency
from the current waveform
IGBTs manage the
sent into the AC lines.
power flow to/from the
DC bus caps
SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 56
 VII. AccuSine: Harmonic Performance - 150 HP DC
drive
AS off AS on
Order % I fund % I fund AccuSine off: THD(I) = 35.3%
Fund 100.000% 100.000%
3 0.038% 0.478%
5 31.660% 0.674%
7 11.480% 0.679%
9 0.435% 0.297%
11 7.068% 0.710%
13 4.267% 0.521%
15 0.367% 0.052%
17 3.438% 0.464%
19 2.904% 0.639%
21 0.284% 0.263%
23 2.042% 0.409%
25 2.177% 0.489%
27 0.293% 0.170%
29 1.238% 0.397%
31 1.740% 0.243% AccuSine on: THD(I) = 2.7%
33 0.261% 0.325%
35 0.800% 0.279%
37 1.420% 0.815%
39 0.282% 0.240%
41 0.588% 0.120%
43 1.281% 0.337%
45 0.259% 0.347%
47 0.427% 0.769%
49 1.348% 0.590%
% THD(I) 35.28% 2.67%

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 57

 VII. AccuSine: Complete Solution for PFC & Harmonics

 Active harmonic filtering

 Resonance Elimination
 More than just a harmonic filter:
 Instantaneous Power Factor Correction
 Dynamic VAR compensation- AccuSine is able to inject peak
current at two and a quarter times its rms current rating for up
to 3 cycles. For many high current in-rush applications this
level of compensation eliminates visible flicker and voltage
sags.
HVC Load Tracking

400
Reactive Power (kVAR) 200
0

11

13

15

17

19

21

23

25

27

29

31

33

35

37
-200
-400
-600
-800
Time (cycles)

Passive Output (kVAR) AccuSine EVC Output (kVAR)

Load (kVAR) Net System (kVAR)

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 58

 VII. AccuSine: Performance

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 59

 VII. AccuSine Installation & Selection Data
Load(s)
Source XFMR
Typical CT
Placement

Alternate CT
Placement

 AccuSine Size and Enclosure Options:

 50, 100, 300 Amp Units
 208 - 480V
 50/60 Hertz
 NEMA Type 1, 3R, 12 and Chassis Version

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 60

 Figure 1. Alternative CT location.

Figure 2. Alternative CT location with capacitor (C) in line.

Figure 3. Alternative CT location with RFI filters in line.

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 61
 VII. Active Harmonic Filter - SineWave

 Complies with IEC61000-3-2 & IEC61000-3-4

 Voltage: 400V, 50/60Hz
 Configuration: 3phase, 3W/4W
 Size: 20A, 30A, 45A, 60A, 90A, 120A

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 62

 VII. Hybrid Filters & HVC

 Combination of passive & active technologies

 Available in Low and Medium Voltage
 High Speed Response
 Infinite Variability
 Full Duration
 Unity Power Factor

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 63

 VII. Hybrid Approach

 Use fix caps for inrush support

 Always on line
 Instant response
 Use AccuSine for fine tuning
 Injects leading or lagging VARs
 Cancels fix caps leading VARs at no load
 Adds leading VARs as loads increase
 One half cycle response

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 64

 VII. HVC Performance

HVC

2000
Vars Leading/Lagging

1500

1000 Fixed Kvar

Load
500
Accusine
0 Result Kvar
-500

-1000
Time in cycles

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 65

 VII. Hybrid Filters
Total Harmonic Distortion

14.000%

% Distortion
12.000%
No Correction
10.000%
8.000% 360 KVAR Passive
6.000%
4.000% 360 KVAR Passive &
120 A RMS Active
2.000%
0.000%
THD(I) THD(V)

Harmonic Spectrum
350

300

250

200
no filter
A
150 hybrid flt

100

50

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
order

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 66

 VII. Motor Start Waveforms
(The elimination of high current inrush
and voltage sags during motor startup
cannot be successfully achieved by
switching a capacitor with the motor
starter.)

The dominant component of motor

startup current is reactive.

Compensation substantially
decreases reactive current and
eliminates voltage sags.

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 67

 VII. Motor Start - With HVC

Voltages [V]
225
220
215
1500
Without RTRC: With
Currents [A]

Failed Startup RTRC:

1000
Successful
Circuit breaker Startup
trip
500

16-12:14:17 :23 :29 :35 :41 :47 :52 :58 :04 :10 :16 :22 :28 :33 :39

Simultaneous startup of 3 motors.

Startup failure due to over-current trip of a circuit breaker.

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 68

 I. Introduction

II. Power Factor Definition

III. Why Improve Power Factor?

IV. Simple Displacement Power Factor Calculation

V. Harmonics and Resonance – Case Study

VI. Limiting of Surge Current

VII. Schneider Electric Power Factor Solution

VIII. Where to install?

IX. Conclusion

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 69

 VIII. Where to Install? – Global

Advantages :
 reduction of electricity bill
 increase the available power at
the secondary of the transformer
 quick return of investment

Drawbacks :
 reactive current still flows in all
conductors : losses are not
improved

M M M M

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 70

 VIII. Where to Install? – By Sector

Advantages :
 reduction of electricity bill
 increase the available power at the
secondary of the transformer
 losses are improved

Drawbacks :
 difficulties to split the power of each
capacitor banks
 reactive current still flows in all
M M M M cables downstream the local
distribution boards

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 71

 VIII. Where to Install? – Individual

Advantages :
 reduction of the electricity bill
 reduction of Joules losses
 increase of the available power at
the secondary of the transformer

Drawbacks :
 longer return of investment

Caution :
M M M M
 self excitation
 respect discharge time of
capacitors

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 72

 VIII. Where to Install? – An Overview

1.1.HV
HVcapacitor
capacitorbank
bankon onHV
HV
1 transmission
transmissionnetwork
network
2.2.MV
MVcapacitor
capacitorbank
bankon onMV
MV
distribution
distributionnetwork
network
2 3.3.MV
MVcapacitor
capacitorbank
bankforforMV
MV
consumer
consumer
4.4.regulated
regulatedororfixed
fixedLVLV
3 3 capacitor
capacitorbank
bankforforLV
LV
consumer
consumer
4 5.5.LV
LVcapacitor
capacitorbank
bankforforMV
MV
consumer
consumer
6.6.LV/MV
LV/MVcapacitor
capacitorbank
bankfor
for
6 5 6
individual
individualcompensation
compensation

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 73

 I. Introduction

II. Power Factor Definition

III. Why Improve Power Factor?

IV. Simple Displacement Power Factor Calculation

V. Harmonics and Resonance – Case Study

VI. Limiting of Surge Current

VII. Schneider Electric Power Factor Solution

VIII. Where to install?

IX. Conclusion

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 74

 IX. Conclusion

 Avoid surge when switching of capacitor.

 Avoid resonance at all times when implementing power factor

3 main correction.
messages
 Schneider Electric offers services and solutions to help you to
save energy, understand and compensate the power quality
issues.

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 75

 Q uestions
&
A nswers
SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 76
 T hankfor your
You attention

SESG – Dr. John Cheng – Dec 2007 – English 77