Phased Array Ultrasonic

Testing (PAUT)

P R E S E N T E D B Y:
BRIJ MOHAN SHARMA
A S S I S TA N T P R O F. , D E P T. O F M E C H . E N G G .
PAUT
Introduction to PAUT
Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT), also known as phased array UT, is an advanced non-
destructive inspection technique that uses a set of ultrasonic testing (UT) probes made up of
numerous small elements.
Each of these is pulsed individually with computer-calculated timing to create the phased
aspect of the process, while the array refers to the multiple elements that make up a PAUT
system.
The beam from a phased array probe can be focused and electronically swept across an
inspection piece without moving the probe itself. This differs from single element probes (also
known as monolithic probes). These more conventional probes need to be physically moved or
turned to cover larger areas, which is not required for PAUT.
Phased array ultrasonic testing is based on the principles of wave physics, which also have
applications in areas including optics and electromagnetic antennae.
How Does PAUT Work?
Phased array ultrasonic testing probes are made up of several piezoelectric crystals that
transmit/receive independently at different times. An ultrasonic beam is focused using time
delays, which are applied to the elements to create a constructive interference in the
wavefronts. This interference allows the energy to be focused at any depth and angle in the test
specimen.

Each element radiates a spherical wave at a specified time, creating waves that converge and
diverge to create an almost planar wavefront at the specified location. Changing the progressive
time delay allows the beam to be steered electronically and swept through the test material like
a searchlight. When multiple beams are put together it creates a visual image that shows a slice
through the test object.
Phased Array Ultrasound Transducer/
Probe
A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy into another. In the case of phased
array ultrasound testing, a piezoelectric crystal converts electric energy into ultrasound energy.
Phased arrays combine several ultrasound transducers that fire individual elements in a specific
sequence to direct the soundwave in the desired direction.
Different Techniques in PAUT
There are different techniques that can be used with PAUT systems.
Total Focusing Method (TFM)
This method involves the application of the basic phased array focusing principle at a defined
region of interest. The inspection region is segmented into a grid of positions, or pixels, with
beamforming applied to each pixel in the grid.
Electronic Scanning
Electronic scanning reproduces the inspection performed by manually moving a standard UT
probe. An ultrasonic beam is electronically translated across the entire probe, allowing for faster
inspection while limiting mechanical displacement. The technique can be performed with an S
or and L wave and can be combined with beam focusing and beam steering.
Different Techniques in PAUT
Sector Scanning
Sector scanning uses electronic delay laws to electronically change ultrasonic beam angles in a
defined sector. This means that only one transducer is needed to inspect components under
different angles and is also much faster than standard angled beam UT, displaying cross sections
of the specimen in real time and allowing for easier interpretation. This technique can be
combined with electronic focusing and used for L- and S-waves.
Advantages
The advantages of phased arrays over conventional ultrasonic probes include improved
portability, convenience, inspection speed, and safety. A phased array is more robust and easier
to use than conventional single-element probes, providing improved efficiency, capturing
hundreds of signals at once, and reducing the number of false alarms. PAUT inspection
strategies can be optimised to improve flaw detection when used alongside simulation, while
data recording and traceability are also greatly improved.
Phased array ultrasonic testing provides a permanent record, doesn’t produce radiation and can
be used for several applications. Because PAUT can detect defects at the surface and into the
volume of a weld (with no dead zone), it also gives information about the lateral position of a
defect (depth and height).
Advantages
Simplified Inspection and Interpretation
A phased array probe can replace several conventional ultrasonic probes, making complex
procedures simpler and removing the need for setting up and calibrating multiple probes. This
also allows for simplified functionality, including real-time imaging.
Increased Flaw Detection
Because a probe is used to control the direction and shape of the beam, the surface can be
scanned at diverse angles. This allows for increased coverage for flaw detection as well as the
inspection of complex geometries. PAUT is also effective for determining material thickness,
which is useful for ultrasonically determining corrosion or erosion of a test piece.
Advantages
Faster Inspection Speeds
By using electronic scanning to fire successive groups of elements in an array, PAUT reduces the need
for mechanical scanning and reduces inspection times. Inspection speeds are also improved compared
to conventional probes as the phased arrays allow for the user to change the shape and focal point of
the ultrasonic beam to optimise each inspection. This means there is no need for manual set-up and
reconfiguration for each unique testing. In addition, dynamic-depth focusing allows measurements to
be made at several depths in the same amount of time as it takes to complete a single depth
measurement using a conventional probe. Furthermore, because digital feedback can be received
instantaneously, flaw identification and weld quality assessments can be completed faster.
More Reliable Results
Reducing or eliminating mechanical scanning not only improves inspection times, but also increases the
reliability of the measurements by eliminating changes in or the loss of coupling, which is a risk
whenever a probe is moved. This also means that phased array probes provide test results with
excellent repeatability.
Limitations
Applicability
Despite the range of applications in which PAUT shines, it is not the preferred testing method for
detecting surface cracks, metal fatigue or bolt hole and tubing inspections. In these instances eddy
current testing is generally preferred, while PAUT is effective for corrosion detection and the inspection
of composite materials and thicker welds. In addition, the angle of incidence is not always optimal when
using S-scan.
Complexity
PAUT equipment is more advanced than conventional ultrasonic testing equipment, with multiple data
optimisation features, the equipment should be used by a trained professional to remove the risk of
inaccurate testing and gain the full benefits of PAUT.
Cost
PAUT equipment also tends to cost more than conventional ultrasonic testing systems. This is due to the
advanced features offered by PAUT systems, although these can result in faster, more accurate and
more efficient inspections, which can ultimately lead to a lower total cost of ownership.
Applications

Phased arrays can perform any job done by conventional ultrasonics and are used for a wide
range of inspection and measurement applications, including those for medical imaging and
industrial non-destructive testing (NDT).
Ideal for non-invasive material examinations, for finding flaws in welds and assessing the quality
of rivets, PAUT can also detect cracks, voids and pits caused by corrosion. The technology can
measure material and coating thickness, detect changes in material properties and inspect joints
and interfaces, including adhesive mapping.
Applications

As an advanced NDT method, it is used to detect discontinuities to determine component

quality, making it ideal for:
Weld Inspections
Thickness Measurements
Corrosion Inspection
PAUT Validation/Demonstration Blocks
Inspection of Rolling Stock Wheels and Axles
PAUT and TOFD Standard Calibration Blocks
Pressure Vessels
This range of applications means that phased array is widely used in several industrial sectors,
such as construction, pipelines and power generation.
Conclusions
Phased array ultrasonic testing provides a number of advantages and can be used in a range of
applications and industries. As a non-destructive testing method, it is more reliable, effective
and faster than many other methods, such as radiographic inspection.
While there are some drawbacks, with the correct training and when used on suitable
applications, users can perform inspections of material thickness, welds, corrosion, adhesives
and more.