IN THIS UNIT YOU WILL

LEARN HOW TO
• identify the main ideas of a
passage
• find information in a text
quickly
• deal with multiple-choice
questions.

I LEAD-IN

I
�
column.
Are these words about work or studies? Put them in the correct
Mix onl and off
Divide your vocabulary
academic blended learning business
notebook into topics. Leave
degree employers retirement
space to add new words
job qualification primary education as you learn them.
office lifelong learning seminars

i .......

Work Studies

Job Academic
Office Primary education
Employers Seminars
Business Lifelong learning
Qualification Blended learning
Retirement Degree
� How many of the words can you
find in the text opposite
in ONE minute?
 In multiple-choice questions,
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS] @ you have to choose the

I
correct answer from four
options: A, B, C,D.

In the test, you will not have

A
N
SWERT
HEF
N
NG
D
II time to read the whole
Spend another ONE minute quickly reading the text and answer this

I
passage in detail. You need to
question. Does the text express a positive or negative view of globalisation quickly find the part of the text
that contains the answer.
in education?
Quickly find which paragraph (A-F} you need to read to answer these First, skim the text (read it
questions. very quickly) so you know
1 Blended learning means 2 All of these are advantages of globalised
what it is about.
A continuing to learn throughout education except:
A Students in developing countries can get Next, look at the main part
your life.
of the questions (NOT the
B studying online or via email. better jobs.
options A, B, C, D) and decide
C mixing traditional and B Students can get a degree at a cheaper which words will help you find
modern methods. price. the answer.
C Universities benefit from international These are the 'key' words.
D learning in a classroom.
students. Then, read the text again
D The elite get most of the opportunities. quickly. This time you are only
Do you need to read the whole paragraph to find the answers? looking for the key words or
words which mean the same.
Choose the correct answers and explain your choices to your That is the part of the text
partner. where the answer is.

Make ST western
I I Globalisation has affected most aspects of our lives. One area DJ One concern people have about globalisation is that it
which has changed is education. More and more people move to can start to mean 'westernisation'. In other words, local
different countries for their studies. At the same time, more people knowledge can be lost and money seen as more
stay at home and study by distance learning. It is now easy to important than culture. Education should treat every
learn without attending a college or university, or attending less culture with respect; it should not bejust learning
often. 'Blended learning' means studying partly in a traditional way about the West, but should include different ways of
in the classroom and partly online or via email. These changes teaching and approaches from around the world. The
also mean that there is now more interest in 'lifelong learning', the aim is to enrich and share; the flow of ideas and
idea that we go on learning throughout our working lives and information should go from East to West as well as
even into retirement. It is easy to attend 'webinars' or from West to East.
onlineseminars without being away from our offices. Many adults
I I Educational institutions have changed their focus due
go back to college later in life because it is so easy to get a
to globalisation. There are so many benefits of having
qualification without giving up work or disrupting family life.
overseas students that universities are competing for
B l Different countries have benefitted from the globalisation of them, using strategies from the world of business. For
education in different ways. Many British, Australian and American example, they visit Education Fairs all over the world
universities run their degree programmes in countries throughout and spend time and money creating publicity material
Asia, and many students, parents and employers feel this is a and advertisements. There is also more emphasis on
valuable opportunity. Students can get an internationally the student experience. There is more focus on
recognised degree at a much cheaper price than going abroad customer care, especially helping international
and so can improve their chances of getting a good job. At the students to settle in, improve their English and
same time, those in the countries providing world-class degrees understand the academic culture of the host country.
also benefit. They have greater access to ideas and knowledge
from all over the world and having international students enriches
II There are many advantages to the globalisation of
education and the workplace. More people get
their universities.
benefits that were only available to those in the
( I However, it is not good news for everyone in some developing developed countries before. There is more
countries. It is usually the elite - or the richest people in the large understanding between different nations as people
cities -who have access to international education. Many learn about each other's cultures. However, it is
people in rural areas have not even had a primary education. important to make sure the benefits reach everyone
Also, those areas usually do not have reliable internet and don't
connections and most people do not own a computer. It will take leave many citizens of
a bit more time for international opportunities to reach everyone the developing world
in developing countries. behind.
I LOOKING FOR WORDS WITH SIMILAR MEANINGS
@
• Sometimes the words in the
text are the same as the key

I
� If you see these words (1-7) in a question, what words might
to find in the text? Choose a word or phrase from the box
you expect
below.
words in the question, for
example the technical term
'blended learning'.
1 abroad 5 make • Sometimes the words in the
2 benefits better text are different to the key
6 useful words, but they mean
3 disturbing something similar.
4 going to 7 workplaces • When you are looking for the
key
advantages attending distance oversea words in the text, it is
globalisation enrich learning lifelong s important to look for words,
disrupting or groups of words, that mean
valuable learning offices
the same. We call these
westernisation 'paraphrases'.
The words you don't need are examples of the type of words which
are likely to be the same in both the question and the text.

I IDENTIFYING THE MAIN IDEA I

� Which FOUR sentences represent the main ideas of the passage? Questions often relate to the
main ideas of the passage. It is
1 There are both advantages and disadvantages to the therefore important that you are
globalisation of education. able to identify them.
2 Many people study after retirement.
3It is important that globalisation should not be
westernisation. -> paraghaph D
Read the first paragraph and
4 Universities have had to become more business-
the first sentence of every
focused. other paragraph, as this is
-> paraghaph E where the main ideas can
5 University fees rose dramatically in the UK in 2012. usually be found.
6 Many poorer people in developing countries do not
benefit from globalisation. ->paraghaph C
7 Most lecturers work part-time.
Where in the paragraph can the main ideas be found?

46
 I MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS: ANOTHER WAY TO DO THEM
@ There is another way to

l2J.zD do multiple-choice

I Write your own answers to these questions.

1 Who benefits from globalised education in developing countries?
questions.
• Identify the key words
2 What is the meaning of 'westernisation'? (the most important words)
in the question.
3 How has the focus of educational institutions changed?
• Find the part of the passage
Look at the options and find the one closest to your answer. that gives the answer.
• Try to answer the
4 Who benefits from globalised education in developing countries? question yourself.
A almost everyone in those countries • Look at the options and find
B mainly well-off people in big the one that matches your
answer.
towns ->paraghaph C
C only those in developed countries
D only those who own a computer
2 What is the meaning of
'westernisation'?
A learning only about the West
Blearning local knowledge
C not learning about culture
D treating culture with respect
3 How has the focus of educational
institutions changed?
A They have become poor value for
money. B Staff are not committed to
their students.
C They are focused on attracting
students.
D They only want foreign students.
Then read the passage again and answer the questions. Was it helpful to try
to answer the question yourself first?
� Look at this example of the present perfect from the first sentence of

I
the passage:
G R A M M A R FOCUS: THE PRESENT PERFECT :1
Globalisation has affected most aspects ofour lives.
Does it have results in the - Yes. We are still affected by
Did this happen in the past or present? - It began in the past.
present? globalisation.
1 Look at these present perfect sentences from the passage. Do they relate to
both the past and the present? How?
a.Different countries have benefitted from the globalisation of
education in different ways.
b. Many people in rural areas have not even had a primary education.
c. Educational institutions have changed their focus due to globalisation.
2 Which of these tenses is used most in the
passage? a simple past
a.simple present
b.present continuous

3 Choose the best reason for this choice of

tense. a The situation affects people now.
b Most of the changes happened in the
past. c It is a constantly changing
situation.

UNIT03 'READING
 EXAM SKILLS ] @
• Read (skim) the text very quickly so you understand what it is
about.
• Read the main part of the questions and find the key words (the
words that will help you find the answer in the passage).
� Read the text on work-based • Find the key words or words that mean the same in the
answer the questions that
learning and passage.
follow. • Try to answer the question without looking at the options A-D.
• Find the option, A, 8, C or D, that matches your answer.
• Check that the other options are incorrect.

A There has been a trend towards creating a

closer connection between education/training
and the
workplace. This is because many employers felt that
schoolthey
skills leavers
wouldwere not
need toprepared
do well atwell enough
work. and
Having a didn't

D
have
dose the
relationship between training and work is not
new:
apprenticeships were a common way of learning in the At the higher levels of education, too, there has been
past. people learnt by working with an expert, but this
Young more emphasis on work-based learning, which links
was
most common in trades such as builders or electricians. studyacademic
closely to practical experience. At degree level, companies
The
trend now is for a closer connection between education have linked with universities to create specialised

B
and
the workplace at all levels and in many different types of qualifications,
such as the BA in Distribution run between Middlesex
job. In 1944, the UK government created a new system University
and Asda Supermarket. Such partnerships also exist at
Masters
and even doctorate
of education. Education was divided into three
parts.
Children who passed an exam at 11 went to grammar level.The development of technology has helped work-
schools. based
E
Pupils who didn't do well in the exam went to
'secondary
modern' schools or technical schools. At technical courselearning
can be delivered
to develop.online, so people
Blended learningdon't
meanshave to of
part
schools
they studied work-based subjects. In practice, however, miss
work to go to classes. Older or recently retired employees
only the
have
0.5of pupils went to technical schools, and this system been given the opportunity to develop new skills as
divided students at a very young age into academic and tutors, and coaches for the work-based part of these
mentors
non­
academic. The system did not produce good results, courses.
This kind of work-based training was common in fields such
and
changed to a more equal system in the as
nursing and teaching, but has now spread to careers which

C
1970s.In the 1980s the British government introduced NVQs were
traditionally not closely linked to
orNational Vocational Qualifications so that young education.
There are some challenges involved in work-based
F Some lecturers might find it difficult to teach students
could
peopleget certificates to show theirpractical skills. It
helps
employers understand what workers can do. In 1994, alearning.
lot with
of work experience. It may also be difficult to find
the
government started a programme which aimed to teachers
who can teach in different places and at different
provide
'quality training on a work-based (educational) route'. times.
However, it is a positive trend as there are more ways to
These
'modern apprenticeships' are available at three different learnpeople can study at different stages of their
and
levels. lives.

1 Apprenticeships 3 Blended learning

A are a new way of learning. A mainly benefits older or retired
B were common in the people. B involves mainly face to face
past. C only existed in the classes.
past. C is mainly for teaching and nursing.
D did not help people do D is convenient for working people.
well at work.
4 The challenges of work-based learning
2 The education system introduced in include A practical issues like when classes
1944 A only affected 0.5 of students. are held. B students who are not very
B taught only technical subjects. experienced.
C 'was not a great success. C more types of learning are acceptable.
48 D was for academically gifted students.
D older people can't use computers
well.