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CKT Protection

The document discusses battery and circuit protection on aircraft. It describes different protective devices like fuses, circuit breakers, and diodes that are used to protect wiring and electrical units. It explains that fuses break the circuit when current exceeds a limit, while circuit breakers can be reset. The document also discusses current limiting devices, silicon controlled rectifiers, and various types of fuses and circuit breakers. It covers battery protection mechanisms for overheat, temperature, imbalance, and short/open circuit conditions. Thermal runaway and its risks are explained in the context of battery protection.

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39 views21 pages

CKT Protection

The document discusses battery and circuit protection on aircraft. It describes different protective devices like fuses, circuit breakers, and diodes that are used to protect wiring and electrical units. It explains that fuses break the circuit when current exceeds a limit, while circuit breakers can be reset. The document also discusses current limiting devices, silicon controlled rectifiers, and various types of fuses and circuit breakers. It covers battery protection mechanisms for overheat, temperature, imbalance, and short/open circuit conditions. Thermal runaway and its risks are explained in the context of battery protection.

Uploaded by

ajay r
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Battery And Circuit

Protection
CIRCUIT PROTECTION
 Circuit protective devices, as the name implies, all have a common
purpose—to protect the units and the wires in the circuit.
 Some are designed primarily to protect the wiring and to open the circuit
in such a way as to stop the current flow when the current becomes greater
than the wires can safely carry.
 Other devices are designed to protect a unit in the circuit by stopping the
current flow to it when the unit becomes excessively warm.
 Fuses : They are designed to protect the cables against the flow of short-circuit and
excessive current. They break the circuit and stop the current flow when the current
exceeds a predetermined value.

 Circuit breakers :They have same function with the fuses. The difference from the fuse
is that they are resettable, while a fuse must be replaced.

 Diodes : They are the electronic equivalent to the check valves in hydraulic system.

 They allow electricity to flow in one way only.


CURRENT LIMITING DEVICES
 Individual conductive circuits on an aircraft are protected with current limiting devices.
 Conductors should be protected with circuit breakers or fuses located as close as possible to
the electrical power source bus.
 Normally, the manufacturer of the electrical equipment specifies the fuse or circuit breaker
to be used when installing equipment.
 The circuit breaker or fuse should open the circuit before the conductor emits smoke.
 Circuit protector characteristics should be matched to obtain the maximum utilization of
the connected equipment.
A silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) allows current to pass in one direction when the gate receives a positive pulse to
latch the device in the on position.
Current ceases to flow when it drops below holding current, such as when AC current reverses cycle
FUSES
 A fuse is placed in series with the voltage source and all current must flow
through it.
 The fuse consists of a strip of metal that is enclosed in a glass or plastic housing.
 The metal strip has a low melting point and is usually made of lead, tin, or
copper.
 When the current exceeds the capacity of the fuse the metal strip heats up and
breaks.
 As a result of this, the flow of current in the circuit stops.
FUSES
 There are two basic types of fuses: fast acting and slow blow.
 The fast-acting type opens very quickly when their particular current rating
is exceeded.
 This is important for electric devices that can quickly be destroyed when
too much current flows through them for even a very small amount of
time.
 Slow blow fuses have a coiled construction inside.
 They are designed to open only on a continued overload, such as a short
circuit.
FUSES
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
 A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by an overload or short circuit.
 Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and immediately discontinue electrical flow.
 Unlike a fuse that operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset
to resume normal operation.
 Sometimes circuit breakers trip for no apparent reason , and the circuit breaker can be reset
one time.
 If the circuit breaker trips again, there exists a circuit fault and the technician must
troubleshoot the circuit before resetting the circuit breaker.
CIRCUIT BREAKERS

 New aircraft designs use a digital circuit protection architecture.


 This system monitors the amperage through a particular circuit.
 When the maximum amperage for that circuit is reached, the power is rerouted
away from the circuit.
 This system reduces the use of mechanical circuit breakers.
 The advantages are weight savings and the reduction of mechanical parts
Electrostatic discharge
 Electrostatic discharge is static discharge.
 It is by far one of the biggest killers of CMOS-based devices.
 Static discharges can come from a range of different sources, but one of the more common
sources is human beings.
 The result is that as they move around, the material and rubber can rub against the skin and
other surfaces; this, in turn, builds static charge.
 When a statically charged person touches an electronic circuit, there is considerable risk
that charge can be transferred from the person to the circuit, therefore subjecting the circuit
to many thousands of volts
ESD IS THE HIDDEN ENEMY

There are innumerable ESD events occurring all the time that. we
cannot see or feel.
People Feel ESD at 2000 Volts!!!!

Component damage - can occur with as little as 15 – 30 Volts!!!!


Examples of Static Generation
Typical Voltage Levels

Means of Generation 10-25% RH 65-90% RH


Walking across carpet 35,000V 1,500V
Walking across vinyl tile 12,000V 250V
Worker at bench 6,000V 100V
Poly bag picked up from bench 20,000V 1,200V
Chair with urethane foam 18,000V 1,500V

Examples of Static Generation


Typical Voltage Levels

Means of Generation 10-25% RH 65-90% RH


Walking across carpet 35,000V 1,500V
Walking across vinyl tile 12,000V 250V
Worker at bench 6,000V 100V
Poly bag picked up from bench
Chair with urethane foam
20,000V
18,000V
1,200V
1,500V 12
BATTERY PROTECTION

Aircraft that are outfitted with NiCd batteries typically have a fault protection
system that monitors the condition of the battery.
The battery charger is the unit that monitors the condition of the battery and the
following conditions are monitored.
1. Overheat condition
2. Low temperature condition
3. Cell imbalance
4. Open circuit
5. Shorted circuit
BATTERY PROTECTION

 NiCd batteries are capable of performing to its rated capacity when the
ambient temperature of the battery is in the range of approximately 60–90
°F.
 An increase or decrease in temperature from this range results in reduced
capacity.
 NiCd batteries have a ventilation system to control the temperature of the
battery.
BATTERY PROTECTION

 A combination of high battery


temperature and overcharging can
lead to a condition called thermal
runaway.
 The temperature of the battery has to
be constantly monitored to ensure safe
operation.
Thermal Runaway. Thermal runaway is a situation that occurs when an
increase in temperature changes the conditions of a reaction in a way that
causes a further increase in temperature.
In other words, if a process is accelerated by an increase in temperature and
that acceleration results in the release of additional energy which further
increases the temperature, a state of thermal runaway is said to exist.
This state can lead to an explosion, fire or other destructive result.
BATTERY PROTECTION

 Lithium ion aircraft batteries require built-in safety devices to prevent overheating and
thermal runaway.
 They are constructed with a wide variety of material choices that result in compromise
between capacity , longevity, environmental endurance and operating range, current loading,
specific energy, size and weight, etc.
 Additional current monitoring and other safety and alerting devices are included to warn
flight crew of battery status and malfunction.
 Technicians must follow all manufacturer instructions when maintaining lithium ion
batteries.
BATTERY PROTECTION
Threats
There are a number of potential threats that can be associated with
aircraft batteries, their distribution networks and their charging and
monitoring systems. These threats include:
•Battery Leakage. Overfilling a wet cell battery can cause leakage.
Likewise, damage to the battery case caused by mishandling,
overcharging or freezing can result in leakage.
•Battery Internal Failure or Short Circuit. Manufacturing defects or
inappropriate handling can result in internal failures.
BATTERY PROTECTION

•Threats
•Battery Overcharging. Batteries can be overcharged due to faulty charging
equipment or inappropriate maintenance practices.
•Excessive Battery Charging Rate. Some battery types are vulnerable to high
rates of charge.
•Excessive Battery Discharge Rate. Some battery types are vulnerable to
high rates of discharge
Effects
 The effects which could result from the threats, as listed above, range from minor to
potentially catastrophic depending upon the circumstances of the occurrence and the
type of battery involved.
 Leakage from a spillable lead acid battery could result in corrosion, component damage
or injury.
 Overcharging, excessive charge rate or excessive discharge rate in a lithium-ion battery
could result in a thermal runaway leading to battery explosion or fire.
 This, in turn, could lead to injury or death and collateral damage up to the potential loss
of the aircraft.
Thank you

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